White movement

The White movement, whose military arm is known as the White Army (????? ?????) or White Guard (????? ???????, ?????????????) and whose members are known as Whites (?????, or the derogatory ??????) or White Russians (a term which has other meanings) comprised some of the Russian forces, both political and military, which opposed the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution and fought against the Red Army (as well as the nationalist Green Army and the anarchist Black Army) during the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1921.

Related Topics:
Other meanings - Russia - Bolshevik - October Revolution - Red Army - Green Army - Black Army - Russian Civil War - 1918 - 1921

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The designation White had two meanings. First, it stood in contradistinction to the Reds—the revolutionary Red Army who supported the soviets and Communism. Second, the word "white" had monarchist associations: historically each Russian Tsar was solemnly called the white tsar, and the monarchist ideal during the civil war was known as the white idea.

Related Topics:
Red Army - The soviets - Communism - Tsar

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Strictly speaking, no monolithic "White Army" existed; lacking central coordination, the White forces were never more than a loose confederation of counter-revolutionary forces. The officers who made up the core of the White Army mostly upheld monarchist ideals, but some elements of the White Army drew support from many other political movements, including democrats, social revolutionaries, and others who opposed the October Revolution; at other times and in other places, the same groups supported the Red Army instead. There was also a third group known as the Green Army who opposed both. The rank-and-file troops of the White Army included both active opponents of the Bolsheviks (many Cossacks, for example) and enlisted apolitical peasants. At times, the Western Allies of the Triple Entente and interventionist foreign forces provided substantial assistance to White Army units. This prompted some people to see the White Army as representing the interests of foreign powers.

Related Topics:
Monarchist - Social revolutionaries - October Revolution - Green Army - Cossack - Triple Entente

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The Russian Civil War between Whites and Reds raged until 1921. The White Army, in intermittent collaboration with interventionist forces from outside Russia (Japanese, British, Canadian, French, American) held sway in some areas (especially Siberia, Ukraine and the Crimea) for periods of time and put considerable bodies of troops into the field. But they failed to unite or to co-operate effectively amongst themselves, and the Bolshevik Red Army eventually gained the upper hand.

Related Topics:
Russian Civil War - 1921 - Japan - British - French - American - Siberia - Ukraine - Crimea - Bolshevik - Red Army

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White activity re-concentrated in émigré circles. Considerable numbers of anti-Soviet Russians clustered in Berlin, Paris, Harbin and Shanghai, setting up cultural networks which lasted until the time of World War II. Thereafter White Russian activity found a new principal home in the United States.

Related Topics:
émigré - Berlin - Paris - Harbin - Shanghai - World War II - United States

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The ideology of the White movement was in development throughout the civil war. Generals Kornilov and Denikin developed political ideas but none were as concrete or coherent as that of General Wrangel during the so called "Crimean experiment" of 1920. It is here where Wrangel drew up in a most concise manner the core of the "White idea", which centered on the liberation of Russia from Bolsheviks and other "anarchic" powers, the establishment of a fair and just government, the protection of the faithful from the religious persecutions and ridicule of the Soviets, the rights of the farmer to land ownership, and the opportunity for all Russians to elect a "leader" of their own choosing.

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After the end of the Russian civil war, Wrangel's concepts were further developed into a concrete ideology by Russian thinkers such as Ivan Ilyin, based largely on the ideas of the Slavophiles.

Related Topics:
Ivan Ilyin - Slavophiles

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Monarchist tendencies were strongest amidst the veterans of the White movement, republicanism was rarer (the latter reemerged during the Russian Liberation Movement). In August of 1922, two months before its defeat, the far eastern White Army of General Mikhail Ditterix went as far as to convene the Zemskiy Sobor of Preamursk, and elect (without his participation) Grand Duke Nikolai Nikoaievich Romanoff as tsar of all Russia.

Related Topics:
Russian Liberation Movement - Mikhail Ditterix - Zemskiy Sobor - Grand Duke Nikolai Nikoaievich Romanoff - Tsar

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