Vietnamese language

Writing system

Presently, the written language uses the Vietnamese alphabet (qu?c ng? or "national script," literally "national language," from Chinese ?? / guoyu), based on the Latin alphabet. Originally a Romanization of Vietnamese, it was codified in the 17th century by a French Jesuit missionary named Alexandre de Rhodes (1591-1660), based on works of earlier Portuguese missionaries (Gaspar de Amaral and Antoine de Barbosa). The use of the script was gradually extended from its initial domain in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public. Under French colonial rule, the script became official and required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the protectorate of Tonkin. By the late 20th century virtually all writings were done in qu?c ng?.

Related Topics:
Vietnamese alphabet - Chinese - Latin alphabet - Romanization - Jesuit - Missionary - Alexandre de Rhodes - 1591 - 1660 - Portuguese

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Changes in the script were made by French scholars and administrators, and by conferences held after independence during 1954-1974. The script now reflects a so-called Middle Vietnamese dialect which has vowels and final consonants most similar to northern dialects and initial consonants most similar to southern dialects. (Nguy?n 1996). This Middle Vietnamese is presumably close to the Hanoi variety as spoken sometime after 1600 but before the present.

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Prior to French rule, the first two Vietnamese writing systems were based on Chinese script:

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• the standard ideographic Chinese character set called ch? nho (scholar's characters, ??): used to write Literary Chinese
• a complicated variant form known as ch? nôm (southern/vernacular characters, ??) with characters not found in the Chinese character set; this system was better adapted to the unique phonetic aspects of Vietnamese which differed from Chinese

The authentic Chinese writing, ch? nho, was in more common usage, whereas ch? nôm was used by members of the educated elite (one needs to be able to read ch? nho in order to read ch? nôm). Both scripts have fallen out of common usage in modern Vietnam, and ch? nôm is near-extinct.

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