Ubiquitin

Ubiquitin is a small protein that occurs in all eukaryotic cells. Its main function is to mark other proteins for destruction, known as proteolysis. Several ubiquitin molecules attach to the condemned protein (polyubiquitination), and it then moves to a proteasome, a barrel-shaped structure where the proteolysis occurs.

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Ubiquitin can also mark transmembrane proteins (for example, receptors) for removal from the membrane.

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Ubiquitin consists of 76 amino acids and has a molecular mass of about 8500 amu. It is highly conserved among eukaryotic species: Human and yeast ubiquitin share 96% sequence identity.

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The process of marking a protein with ubiquitin consists of a series of steps:

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• Activation of ubiquitin -- the carboxyl group of the terminal glycine of ubiquitin binds to the sulfhydryl group -SH of an ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1. The sulfhydryl group is a cysteine residue on the E1 protein. This step requires a ATP molecule as an energy source and results in the formation of a thioester bond between ubiquitin and E1.
• Transfer of ubiquitin from E1 to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 via trans(thio)esterification.
• Then, the final transfer of ubiquitin to the target protein can occur either:

:: directly from E2. This is primarily used when ubiquitin is transferred to another ubiquitin already in place, creating a branched ubiquitin chain.

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::: or

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:: via an E3 enzyme, which binds specifically to both E2 and the target protein. The target protein is usually a damaged or non-functional protein that is recognized by a destruction-targeting sequence. Ubiquitins then bind to a lysine residue in the target protein, eventually forming a tail of ubiquitin molecules. This is the typical way to mark specific proteins for proteolysis.

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Finally, the marked protein is digested in the 26S-proteasome into small peptides, amino acids (usually 6-7 amino acid subunits). Although the ubiquitins also enter the proteasome, they are not degraded and may be used again.

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The gene whose disruption causes Angelman syndrome, UBE3A, encodes an ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzyme termed E6-AP.

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The ubiquitin pathway is thought to be the method of cellular egress for a number of retroviruses, including HIV and Ebola, but the exact mechanism by which this occurs has yet to be deduced.

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Once perceived as a system exclusively invoved in removing damaged protein from the cell, ubiquitination and subsequent protein degradation by the proteasome is now perceived as a universal regulatory mechanism for signal transduction whose importance approach protein phosphorylation. The importance of proteolytic degradation in cell signaling has been highlighted by the discovery of the role of ubiquitin in the proteolytic pathway which earned Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko and Irwin Rose the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

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The Anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and the SCF complex (for Skp1-Cullin-F-box protein complex) are two examples of protein scaffold involved in recognition and ubiquitination of specific target proteins for degradation by the proteasome.

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Ubiquitin: Immunohistochemistry ►



 

Protein: A protein (in Greek πρωτεϊνη = first thread) is a complex, high-molecular-weight organic compound that consists of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are essential to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses....

Eukaryotic: REDIRECT Eukaryote...

Cell: A cell is a single unit or compartment, enclosed by a border or wall. A cell is usually part of a larger structure. More specific meanings depend on the context in which the work is used....