Turkestan

Turkestan (also spelled Turkistan or T?rkistan) is a region in Central Asia, which today is largely inhabited by Turkic people. It also contains some of the great cities of Persian culture, notably Samarkand and Bukhara, and still has a substantial Iranian population, known today as Tajiks.

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It is subdivided into West Turkestan and East Turkestan, with the Tian Shan and Pamir ranges forming a rough division between the two.

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Western Turkestan has also been known historically as Sogdiana; Ma wara'u'n-nahr (By its Arab Conquerors) and Transoxiana by Western travellers. The latter two names refer to its position beyond the River Oxus when approached from the South, emphasising Turkestan's long-standing relationship with Iran, the Persian Empires and the Ummayyad and Abbasid Caliphates. The region became part of the Russian Empire in the 1860s, and is thus sometimes called Russian Turkestan or the Turkestanskii Krai. After the Russian Revolution, a Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union was created, which was eventually split into the Kazakh SSR (Kazakhstan), Kirghiz SSR (Kyrgyzstan), Tajik SSR (Tajikistan), Turkmen SSR (Turkmenistan) and Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan). After the collapse of the Soviet Union, these republics gained their independence.

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Eastern Turkestan, often called Chinese Turkestan, is home to the oldest settled Turkic people in the region, the Uyghurs. It was conquered by the Manchu Empire in the mid-18th century and was named Ice Jecen or Xinjiang (Otherwise spelt Sinkiang), meaning New Frontier. It was taken over by the People's Republic of China by which it is now administered as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.

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There is also a town named Turkestan in southern Kazakhstan.

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Central Asia: Central Asia (Russian: ??????? ????/"Srednyaya Azia" for "Middle Asia" or ??????????? ????/"Tsentrallnaya Azia" for "Central Asia"; Mandarin Chinese: ??/ pinyin: "Zh?ngy?"; Arabic: pending/"Asya al Wsta") is a vast landlocked region of Asia. Though various definitions of its exact composition exist,...

Turkic people: REDIRECT Turkic_peoples...

Samarkand: Samarkand (Samarqand or Самарқанд in Uzbek, in Persian سمرقند) (population 400,000) is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan, capital of Samarqand Province. It is located at latitude 39? 39' 15, longitude 66? 5...