Stokely Carmichael

Stokely Carmichael (June 29, 1941 – November 15, 1998), also known as Kwame Ture, was a Trinidadian-American Black activist and leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and the Black Panther Party. He later became a Black separatist and Pan-Africanist.

Related Topics:
June 29 - 1941 - November 15 - 1998 - Trinidadian - American - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Black Panther Party - Pan-African

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Born in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago, Carmichael moved with his family to New York when he was eleven. He went to Howard University and joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). In his first year at the university he participated in the Freedom Rides of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and was arrested, spending time in jail. He would go on to be arrested many times, losing count at 32.

Related Topics:
Port-of-Spain - Trinidad and Tobago - Howard University - Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - Freedom Rides - Congress of Racial Equality

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He became chair of SNCC in 1966, taking over from John Lewis. A few weeks after Carmichael took over SNCC James Meredith was shot by a sniper during his solitary March Against Fear. Carmichael joined King, Floyd McKissick, and others to continue Meredith's march. He was arrested during the march; on his release he gave his "Black Power" speech, using that phrase to urge Black pride and independence:

Related Topics:
John Lewis - James Meredith - March Against Fear - Floyd McKissick - Black Power

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It is a call for Black people in this country to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community. It is a call for Black people to define their own goals, to lead their own organizations.

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While Black Power was not a new concept, Carmichael's speech brought it into the spotlight and it became a rallying cry for young African American's across the country. SNCC embraced this new vision and gradually became more radical under his leadership.

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Carmichael saw nonviolence as a tactic as opposed to a principle, which separated him from moderate civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King. He was critical of civil rights leaders that simply called for integration of African American's into the existing institutions of white middle class culture. Carmichael saw this as unrealistic and an insult to the culture and identity of African Americans.

Related Topics:
Nonviolence - Martin Luther King - Middle class

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In 1967, Carmichael stepped down from leadership of SNCC. He and Charles V. Hamilton wrote the book, Black Power. He joined the Black Panther Party and became a strong critic of the Vietnam War. He traveled to North Vietnam, China, and Cuba. Carmichael was made an honorary prime minister of the Black Panthers in 1968.

Related Topics:
Charles V. Hamilton - Vietnam War - North Vietnam - China - Cuba

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In 1969, Carmichael and his then wife, the South African singer Miriam Makeba, moved to Guinea, in West Africa, and he became an aide to Guinean prime minister, Ahmed Sékou Touré. There, in 1971, he wrote the book, Stokely Speaks: Black Power Back to Pan-Africanism. This book expounds an explicitly socialist, Pan-African vision, which he retained for the rest of his life. In 1978, he changed his name to Kwame Ture to honor Kwame Nkrumah and Ahmed Sékou Touré.

Related Topics:
Miriam Makeba - Guinea - West Africa - Ahmed Sékou Touré - Socialist - Pan-African - Kwame Nkrumah

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He died of cancer at the age of 57 in Conakry, Guinea.

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