Spoiler effect

The spoiler effect is a term to describe the effect a candidate can have on a close election, in which their candidacy results in the election being won by a candidate dissimilar to them, rather than a candidate similar to them.

List of American spoilers

These are third-party candidates who feasibly could have denied victory to a major nominee.

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• James Birney, 1844
• Martin van Buren, 1848
• Theodore Roosevelt, 1912
• Henry Ross Perot, 1992
• Ralph Nader, 2000