Spiritualism

Spiritualism may refer to a variety of modern religious ideologies, primarily active in the United States and Europe. Central tenets of Spiritualist liturgy and dogma are the beliefs and practices of mediumship which purports to be evidence of the continued existence of an individual's spirit or soul after death. The origin of Spiritualism is commonly considered to be the Modern Spiritualist movement of the 19th century United States.

Critics and Exposers

• Michel Eugène Chevreul
• Margaret Fox
• René Guénon
• Harry Houdini
• James Randi