Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics is a law of thermodynamics that states that all work tends towards the production of greater entropy over time. Another way of saying this (known as the Clausius formulation) is that it is impossible to construct a perfect refrigerator. (This is why refrigerators always require an external power source.) An equivalent statement, known as the Kelvin-Planck formulation, is that "It is impossible for any cyclic process to occur whose sole effect is the extraction of heat from a reservoir and the perfromance of an equivalent amount of work." (If the reader is aware of the concept of heat engines, please understand that heat engines work by allowing two heat reservoirs of different temperatures to come in equilibrium with each other, and as such they do not violate the 2nd law.)

References

• {{Journal reference | Author=Denis J. Evans & Debra J. Searles| Title=Equilibrium microstates which generate second law violating steady states | Journal=Physical Review | Year=1994 | Volume=E 50 | Pages=1645–1648}}
• {{Journal reference | Author=Denis J. Evans & Debra J. Searles| Title= The Fluctuation Theorem | Journal=Advances in Physics | Year=2002 | Volume=51 | Pages=1529–1585}}