Russian language

Geographic distribution

Russian is primarily spoken in Russia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics of the USSR. Until 1917, it was the sole official language of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet period, the policy toward the languages of the various other ethnic groups fluctuated in practice. Though each of the constituent republics had its own official language, the unifying role and superior status was reserved for Russian. Following the break-up of 1991, several of the newly independent states have encouraged their native languages, which has partly reversed the privileged status of Russian, though its role as the language of post-Soviet national intercourse throughout the region has continued.

Related Topics:
Russia - USSR - Russian Empire

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In Latvia, notably, its official recognition and legality in the classroom have been a topic of considerable debate in a country where more than third of the population is Russian-speaking, consisting mostly of post-World War II immigrants from Russia and other parts of the former USSR (Belarus, Ukraine). Similarly, in Estonia, the Soviet-era immigrants and their Russian-speaking descendants constitute about one quarter of the country's current population.

Related Topics:
Latvia - World War II - Estonia

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A much smaller Russian-speaking minority in Lithuania has largely been assimilated during the decade of independence and currently represent less than 1/10 of the country's overall population.

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In the twentieth century it was widely taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR, especially in Poland, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. It was, and still is, widely taught in Asian countries such as Laos, Vietnam and Mongolia due to Soviet influence, and is still used as a lingua franca in Afghanistan by various tribes.

Related Topics:
Warsaw Pact - Countries - Poland - Bulgaria - Yugoslavia - Czechoslovakia

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Russian is also spoken in Israel by at least 750,000 ethnic Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union (1999 census). The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian.

Related Topics:
Israel - Jewish - Press - Website

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Sizeable Russian-speaking communities also exist in North America (especially in large urban centers of the US and Canada such as New York, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, and Chicago). In the first two of them, Russian-speaking groups total over half a million. In a number of locations they issue their own newspapers, live in their self-sufficient neighborhoods (especially the generation of immigrants who started arriving in the early sixties). It is important to note, however, that only about a quarter of them are ethnic Russians.

Related Topics:
North America - US - Canada - New York - Los Angeles - San Francisco - Toronto - Miami - Chicago

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Before the dissolution of the Soviet Union the overwhelming majority were Russian-speaking Jews. Afterwards the influx form the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat. According to the United States 2000 Census, Russian was reported as language spoken at home by 1.50% of population, or about 4.2 million, placing it as #10 language in the United States.

Related Topics:
Dissolution of the Soviet Union - United States 2000 Census

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Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. These have been fed by several waves of immigrants since the beginning of the twentieth century, each with its own flavour of language. Germany, Britain, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, and Greece have significant Russian-speaking communities totaling 3 million people.

Related Topics:
Germany - Britain - Spain - France - Italy - Belgium - Greece

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Two thirds of them are actually Russian-speaking descendants of Germans, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, or Ukrainians who either repatriated after the USSR collapsed or are just looking for temporary employment. But many are well-off Russian families acquiring property and getting education.

Related Topics:
Germans - Greeks - Jews - Armenians - Ukrainians

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Earlier, the descendants of the Russian émigrés tended to lose the tongue of their ancestors by the third generation. Now, when the border is more open, Russian is likely to survive longer, especially when many of the emigrants visit their homelands at least once a year and also have access to Russian websites and TV channels.

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Recent estimates of the total number of speakers of Russian:

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Official status

Russian is the official language of Russia, and an official language of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea (Ukraine) and unrecognized, but de-facto independent, Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria. It is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Related Topics:
Russia - Belarus - Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan - Autonomous Republic of Crimea - Moldavian Republic of Transdniestria - United Nations

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Education in Russian is still a popular choice for many of the both native and RSL (Russian as a second language) speakers in Russia and many of the former Soviet republics.

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97% of the public school students of Russia, 75% in Belarus, 41% in Kazakhstan, 24% in Ukraine, 23% in Kyrgyzstan, 21% in Moldova, 7% in Azerbaijan, 5% in Georgia received their education only or mostly in Russian, although the corresponding percentage of ethnic Russians was 80% in Russia, 45% in Belarus, 56% in Kazakhstan, 38% in Ukraine, 25% in Kyrgyzstan, 15% in Moldova, 9% in Azerbaijan, 9% in Georgia.

Related Topics:
Ukraine - Moldova - Azerbaijan - Georgia

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Dialects

Despite levelling after 1900, especially in matters of vocabulary, a large number of dialects exist in Russia. Some linguists divide the dialects of the Russian language into two primary regional groupings, "Northern" and "Southern", with Moscow lying on the zone of transition between the two. Others divide the language into three groupings, Northern, Central and Southern, with Moscow lying in the Central region. Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants.

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The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. Also cf. Moscow pronunciation of "-??-", e.g. "????????" (buloshnaya - bakery) instead of "????????" (bulochnaya).

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The northern dialects typically pronounce unstressed {{IPA|/o/}} clearly (the phenomenon called okanye ??????); the southern palatalize the final {{IPA|/t/}} and aspirate the {{IPA|/g/}} into {{IPA|/h/}}. It should be noted that some of these features are also present in modern Ukrainian, indicating a linguistic continuum or strong influence one way or the other.

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Among the first to study Russian dialects was Lomonosov in the eighteenth century. In the nineteenth, Vladimir Dal compiled the first dictionary that included dialectal vocabulary. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the twentieth century. In modern times, the monumental Dialectological Atlas of the Russian Language (?????????????????? ????? ???????? ????? {{IPA|/dʲ?.ʌ.'lʲe.kt?.lʌ.'gʲi.tʲʆ?.skʲ?j 'a.tl?s 'ru.sk?.v? j?.zɨ.'ka/}}), was published in 3 folio volumes 1986-1989, after four decades of preparatory work.

Related Topics:
Lomonosov - Vladimir Dal

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The standard language is based on the Moscow dialect.

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Derived languages

• Fenia or Fenka, a criminal lingo of ancient origin, with Russian grammar, but with distinct vocabulary.
• Surzhyk is a Ukrainian-Russian pidgin spoken in some rural areas of Ukraine
• Trasianka is a Belarusian-Russian mix (sort of pidgin) used by a large portion of the rural population in Belarus.
• Russenorsk is an extinct pidgin language with Russian vocabulary and Norwegian grammar, used for communication between Russians and Norwegians in Svalbard and Kola Peninsula.