Romanticism

Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement in the history of ideas that originated in late 18th century Western Europe. It stressed strong emotion—which now might include trepidation, awe and horror as aesthetic experiences—the individual imagination as a critical authority, which permitted freedom within or even from classical notions of form in art, and overturning of previous social conventions, particularly the position of the aristocracy. There was a strong element of historical and natural inevitability in its ideas, stressing the importance of "nature" in art and language. Romanticism is also noted for its elevation of the achievements of what it perceived as heroic individuals and artists. It followed the Enlightenment period and was in part inspired by a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms from the previous period, as well as seeing itself as the fulfilment of the promise of that age.

National Romanticisms

Brazilian Romanticism

• Joaquim Manuel de Macedo (novelist)
• José de Alencar (novelist)
• Castro Alves (poet)
• Gonçalves Dias (poet)
• Fagundes Varela (poet)
• Casimiro de Abreu (poet)
• Álvares de Azevedo (poet, short-story writer)
• Bernardo de Guimarães (novelist)
• Manuel Antônio de Almeida (novelist)
• Visconde de Taunay (novelist, essayist)

British Romanticism

• Samuel Palmer
• William Blake (painting, engraving, poetry)
• Lord Byron (poetry)
• Samuel Taylor Coleridge (poetry, philosophy, criticism)
• John Constable (painting)
• John Keats (poetry)
• Hayley Pender (criticism, engraving, historical novels)
• Charles Lamb (poetry, essays)
• James Macpherson (poetry)
• Adam McCann (poetry, model, painting)
• Sir Walter Scott (poetry and historical novels)
• Percy Bysshe Shelley (poetry)
• Robert Southey (poetry, biography)
• Joseph Mallord William Turner (painting)
• William Wordsworth (poetry)
• Ben Astill (painting, poetry)

Czech Romanticism

• Karel Hynek Mácha (poetry)
• Bedřich Smetana (music)

Estonian Romanticism

• Theodor Altermann (dramatist)
• Eduard Bornhöhe (writer)
• Indrek Hirv (poet)
• Villem Kapp (composer)
• Lydia Koidula (poet)
• Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald (writer)
• Johann Köler (painter)
• Ants Lauter (dramatist)
• Artur Lemba (composer)
• Mihkel Lüdig (composer)
• Liina Reiman (dramatist)
• Andres Saal (writer)
• Tõnu Trubetsky (writer)

French Romanticism

• Alexandre Dumas (writer)
• Hector Berlioz (composer)
• Georges Bizet (composer)
• François-René de Chateaubriand (writer)
• Eugène Delacroix (painter)
• Théophile Gautier (poet)
• Theodore Gericault (painter)
• Victor Hugo (poet, novelist, dramatist)
• Alphonse de Lamartine (poet)
• Alfred de Musset (poet)
• Charles Nodier, (writer), leader of the Romanticist movement
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau (philosophic grounds)
• Stendhal (novelist)
• Eugène Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (architect)
• Honoré de Balzac (novelist)
• Alfred de Vigny (poet)
• Marquis de Sade (writer)

German Romanticism

• Caspar David Friedrich (painter)
• Joseph Görres (writer, essayist)
• Jakob Grimm (story collector, linguist)
• Philipp Otto Runge (painter)
• Felix Mendelssohn (composer)
• Adam Müller (literary critic and political theorist)
• Novalis (poet, novelist)
• Joseph von Eichendorff (poet, writer)
• Friedrich Schlegel (poet, theorist)
• Franz Schubert (composer)
• Robert Schumann (composer, polemicist)
• Ludwig Tieck (novelist, translator)
• Ludwig Uhland (poet, dramatist)
• E.T.A. Hoffmann (writer)
• Robert Schumann (composer)
• Zacharias Werner (poet, dramatist)

North American Romanticism

• William Cullen Bryant (poetry)
• Wilfred Campbell (Canadian)
• James Fenimore Cooper (novelist)
• John Greenleaf Whittier (poetry)
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (poetry, essays)
• Nathaniel Hawthorne (novelist)
• Washington Irving (novelist, satirist)
• Archibald Lampman (Canadian)
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (poetry)
• Herman Melville (novelist)
• Edgar Allan Poe (poems, short stories)
• Charles Sangster (Canadian)
• Henry David Thoreau (poetry, essays)
• Walt Whitman (poetry)

Norwegian Romanticism

• Henrik Wergeland (poet)
• Edvard Grieg (composer)
• Johann Sebastian Welhaven (poet)
• Adolph Tiedeman (painter)
• Hans Gude (painter)
• Johan Christian Dahl (painter)
• Melissa Daschler (poet)

Polish Romanticism

Romanticism in Poland was eventually followed with the period known as positivism in Poland.

Related Topics:
Romanticism in Poland - Positivism in Poland

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• Frederic Chopin (composer)
• Aleksander Fredro (comedy playwright)
• Zygmunt Krasi?ski (poet)
• Piotr Micha?owski (painter)
• Adam Mickiewicz (poet)
• Cyprian Kamil Norwid (poet)
• Juliusz S?owacki (poet)
• Kornel Ujejski (poet)

Russian Romanticism

• Mily Balakirev (composer)
• Alexander Borodin (composer)
• Karl Briullov (painter)
• Cesar Cui (composer)
• Mikhail Glinka (composer)
• Mikhail Lermontov (poet, novelist)
• Modest Mussorgsky (composer)
• Aleksandr Pushkin (poet)
• Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (composer)
• Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (composer)
• Vasily Zhukovsky (poet)

Spanish Romanticism

Spanish Romaniticism emerged in the years following the Napoleonic Wars, and reached its apex in the 1840s. Much of Spanish Romanticism serves as criticism of contemporary Spanish society, as seen directly in the Articulos de Costumbre (essays on customs/daily life) by Larra. Important literary works in Spanish Romanticism include Larra's essays (each article published separately until 1836), Don Juan Tenorio by Zorrilla (1844), El Estudiante de Salamanca (1840) and Poesias (1840) by Espronceda, and Rimas y Leyendas by Becquer (1871).

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• Mariano Jose de Larra (essayist)
• José de Espronceda (poet, tale writer)
• Jose Zorrilla (playwright, poet)
• Gustavo Adolfo Becquer (poet, tale writer)
• Francisco Goya (painter)

Other countries

• Mihai Eminescu (Romanian poet)
• Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger (Danish poet, playwright)
• Uladzimir Karatkevich (Belarusian writer)
• Franz Liszt (Hungarian composer)
• France Pre?eren (Slovene poet)
• Raden Saleh (Indonesian painter)
• Taras Shevchenko (Ukrainian poet)
• Esaias Tegnér (Swedish writer)