Richard Sorge

Richard Sorge (Russian: ?????? ?????) (October 4, 1895 - November 7, 1944) was a revolutionary, a journalist, working in Germany and Japan, and a spy for the Soviet Union in Japan before and during World War II. NKVD codename "Ramsay"

Related Topics:
Russian - October 4 - 1895 - November 7 - 1944 - Journalist - Germany - Japan - Spy - Soviet Union - World War II

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Richard Sorge was born in Adjikent, Baku, Russia. He was one of the nine children of the German mining engineer Wilhelm Sorge and his Russian wife Nina. His family moved to Germany when he was three years of age. His uncle had been a secretary for Karl Marx.

Related Topics:
Adjikent - Baku - Russia - German - Russia - Karl Marx

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In October 1914 Sorge volunteered to serve during World War I. He joined a student battalion of the 3rd Guards, Field Artillery. During his service in the Western Front he was severely wounded in March 1916 when shrapnel broke both his legs, causing him a lifelong limp. He was promoted to corporal, received an Iron Cross and later had been medically discharged.

Related Topics:
October - 1914 - World War I - Artillery - Western Front - March - 1916 - Shrapnel - Iron Cross

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During his convalescence he read Marx and adopted communist ideology. He spent the rest of the war studying economics in universities of Berlin, Kiel and Hamburg. In 1920 he graduated with a Ph.D. in political science. He also joined the KPD, the German Communist Party. His political views, however, got him fired from both a teaching job and coal mining work. He fled to Moscow where he became a junior agent for Comintern.

Related Topics:
Communist - Economics - Berlin - Kiel - Hamburg - Ph.D. - Political science - KPD - Moscow - Comintern

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In 1921 Sorge returned to Germany, married Christiane Gerlach and moved to Solingen, in present-day North Rhine-Westphalia. In 1922 the Communists relocated him to Frankfurt, where he gathered intelligence about the business community. After an attempted communist coup in October 1923 he continued his work as a journalist.

Related Topics:
1921 - Solingen - North Rhine-Westphalia - Frankfurt - 1923

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In 1924 he moved to Moscow where he officially joined the International Liaison Department of Comintern, also an OGPU intelligence gathering body. Apparently his dedication to duty lead to a divorce. In 1928 he was transferred to GRU duties and 1930 sent to Shanghai to gather intelligence and foment revolution. Officially he worked as the editor of German news service and for the Frankfurter Zeitung. There he met Ozaki Hozumi, a Japanese journalist working for Asahi Shimbun. In January 1932 Sorge reported on fighting between Chinese and Japanese troops in the streets of Shanghai. In December he was recalled to Moscow.

Related Topics:
1924 - OGPU - 1928 - GRU - 1930 - Shanghai - Frankfurter Zeitung - Asahi Shimbun - January - 1932 - Chinese - Japan - December

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Sorge was decorated and remarried. In 1933 he was sent to Berlin with the code name "Ramsay" ("??????" (Ramzai, Ramzay)), to reform contacts in Germany so he could pass for a German journalist in Japan. He arrived at Yokohama on September 6, 1933.

Related Topics:
1933 - Yokohama - September 6

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In 1933-1934 Sorge built a network to collect intelligence for the NKVD in Japan. His agents had contacts with senior politicians and through that, to information of Japan's foreign policy. He also recontacted Ozaki Hozumi who developed a close contact with the prime minister Fumimaro Konoye. Ozaki copied secret documents for Sorge.

Related Topics:
1934 - NKVD - Foreign policy - Fumimaro Konoye

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Officially Sorge joined the Nazi party and worked with the local embassy and ambassador Eugen Ott as an agent for the Abwehr. He used the embassy for double-checking his information. Stress also increased his drinking.

Related Topics:
Nazi - Eugen Ott - Abwehr

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Sorge supplied the Soviets with information about the Anti-Comintern Pact, the German-Japanese Pact and warning of the Pearl Harbor attack. In 1941 Sorge informed them of the exact launch date of Operation Barbarossa. Moscow answered with thanks but little was done.

Related Topics:
Anti-Comintern Pact - German-Japanese Pact - Pearl Harbor attack - 1941 - Operation Barbarossa

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Before the battle for Moscow, Sorge transmitted information that Japan was not going to attack the Soviet Union in the East. This crucial information allowed Georgy Zhukov to redeploy Siberian troops for the defense of Moscow.

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The Japanese secret service had already intercepted many of his messages and begun to close in. Ozaki was arrested on October 14, 1941 and interrogated. Sorge was arrested in October 18, 1941 in Tokyo. Sorge was not exchanged for Japanese prisoners of war, although the reason for that is unclear. He was incarcerated in Sugamo Prison.

Related Topics:
October 14 - October 18 - Sugamo

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Richard Sorge was hanged on November 7, 1944, 10:20 a.m. Tokyo time. Ozaki Hozumi was hanged on the same day. The Soviet Union did not acknowledge Sorge until 1964. It was argued that Sorge's biggest coup tragically led to his undoing, because Stalin could not afford to let it become known that he rejected his intelligence data about the German attack in 1941.

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On November 5, 1964 Richard Sorge was posthumously awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Related Topics:
November 5 - 1964 - Hero of the Soviet Union

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In 1961 a movie called Qui êtes-vous, Monsieur Sorge? (Who Are You, Mr. Sorge?) was produced in France in collaboration with West Germany, Italy and Japan, which was very popular in the Soviet Union as well.

Related Topics:
1961 - France - West Germany - Italy - Japan - Soviet Union

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An interesting but rather little-known conspiracy theory of the Cold War held that Richard Sorge had only been "mock-executed" by the Japanese and had actually been returned to the Soviet Union where he continued to work for the KGB. Though many mysteries of the Cold War have been solved since the fall of communism in the USSR, no proof of this theory has emerged. In one of his novels, M.E.Chaber (pen-name of Ken Crossen), an American writer who penned the Milo March detective series has his hero meet an unnamed Russian master-spy who, the books hints, is none other than Richard Sorge.

Related Topics:
Conspiracy theory - Cold War - KGB - Ken Crossen

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