Republic

:This article concentrates on the several forms of government of real states and countries that have been termed republic, for all other uses see: republic (disambiguation)

References and notes

• {{note|Rome}} Tacitus, Ann. I,1-15.
• {{note|LeopoldIII}} Example: Leopold III of Belgium replaced by Baudouin in 1951 under popular pressure.
• {{note|Prince}} See for example the opening chapter of Machiavelli's The Prince. Note however that even Machiavelli could not always keep to this mutual exclusiveness of "republics" and "monarchies", not even in The Prince: for example, when he tries to characterise the form of government of the Papal States in the 11th chapter of that book, he points out that usual methods and distinctions are not applicable for analysing such type of state.
• {{note|Zaire}} For instance Mobutu Sésé Seko is generally considered such "autocrat" that tried to give an appearance of "republican democracy" to his style of government, for instance by allowing something that was generally regarded a sockpuppet opposition.
• {{note|EverydayLanguage}} References where in everyday language countries with a king or emperor as head of state are termed republic have not been encountered.
• {{note|Netherlands}} For instance the United Provinces: after the Oath of Abjuration (1581) the Duke of Anjou and later the Earl of Leicester were asked to rule the Netherlands. After these candidates had declined the office, the Republic was only established in 1588.
• {{note|Religion}} This section draws from, among others, Geschiedenis der nieuwe tijden by J. Warichez and L. Brounts, 1946, Standaard Boekhandel (Antwerp/Brussels/Ghent/Louvain) and Cultuurgetijden (history books for secondary school in 6 volumes), Dr. J. A. Van Houtte et. al., several editions and reprints in 1960ies through 1970ies, Van In (Lier).
• {{note|States}} Note however that individual states of the US could have a state religion.
• {{note|Republicanism}} see also Republicanism and religion
• {{note|Laicite}} Example: French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools - a similar law was tentatively debated in Belgium, but deemed incompatible with the less profoundly secularized Belgian state.

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• {{note|Willem}} After the Duke of Anjou and the Earl of Leicester had declined the offer to become ruler of the Seven Provinces (see note above), William I of Orange had been the obvious choice for king: the volume Nieuwe tijden from the Cultuurgetijden series as mentioned in a previous note, elaborates on p. 63-65 (supported by a quote of the contemporary Pontus Payen) that William of Orange was perceived as too lenient towards Catholicism to be acceptable as king for the protestants.
• {{note|Multicultural}} Although in Turkey the ensuing republic would become relatively tolerant towards other religions, the straight multicultural approach of the Millet system, that had allowed Christians and Jews to form state-in-state like communities, would remain unparallelled.
• {{note|Federalist}} See for example Federalist No. 10 by James Madison - An original framer of the U.S. Constitution advocates a republic over a democracy. See Republicanism in the United States for the connotations of the terms "democracy" and "republic" in the 1787 context when this article was written. Further clarification of this "democracy" vs "republic" idea in the US can be found in Republicanism in the United States#A typical definition of democracy vs republic
• {{note|Warning}} Some of the earliest warnings in this sense came from Socrates' pupils Plato and Xenophon around 400 BC: indeed their friend Socrates had been condemned to death in an entirely "democratic" system at Athens, hence they preferred the less democratic Spartan system of government. See also Trial of Socrates - Laws (dialogue).
• {{note|Pakistan}} For instance in Pakistan the expression "basic democracy" is tied to the epoch of the military dictature.
• {{note|Rome}} For example, what is known about the origins of the Roman Republic is based on works by Polybius, Livy, Plutarch, and others, all of which wrote at least some centuries after the emergence of that Republic — without exception all these authors have historical exactitude issues, including relative uncertainty over the year when the Roman Republic would have emerged.
• {{note|Bernal}} Martin Bernal, Black Athena Writes Back (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001), 359.
• {{note|Proletariat}} See for instance Marxism, Paris Commune.
• {{note|Islam}} That Islam would have a more intrinsic political dimension than most other religions is argued, among others, by Afshin Ellian (http://www.onderzoekinformatie.nl/en/oi/nod/onderzoeker/PRS1270113/) in his book Brieven van een Pers (Meulenhoff - ISBN 9029075228)
• {{note|Carefree}} For instance, Historia series of history books, chief editor prof. dr. M. Dierickx sj, published by De Nederlandse Boekhandel (Antwerpen/Amsterdam) in several editions from 1955 to the late 1970ies studies these links between the presence of a wealthy middle class and the republics that emerged throughout history.
• {{note|EUconstitution}} see for example Title IX and Title I in the text for a constitution for Europe
• {{note|Secularity}} After some fierce debate it was decided that the 2005 version of the Constitution proposal would not make any reference to the "Christian" roots (among other communal values) of Europe, see Art. I,2 of the European Constitution proposal.