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Postpartum depression


 

After giving birth, about 70-80% of women experience an episode of baby blues, feelings of depression, anger, anxiety and guilt lasting for several days. About 10% of new mothers develop the more severe postpartum depression (also postnatal depression), a form of major depression for which treatment is widely recommended.

References

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Beck, C.T. The effects of postpartum depression on maternal-infant interaction: a meta-analysis. Nursing

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Research 44:298?304, 1995.

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Beck, C.T. A meta-analysis of predictions of postpartam depression. Nursing Research 45:297?303,

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1996a.

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Beck, C.T. A meta-analysis of the relationship between postpartum depression and infant temperament.

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Nursing Research 45:225?230, 1996b.

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Bect, C.T. (2001) Predictors of Postpartum Depression: An Update. Nursing Research, 50, 275-285.

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Cezilly, F. (1993) Nest desertion in the greater flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber roseus. Animal Behaviour, 45, 1038-1040.

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Cohn, J.F., Campbell, S.B., Matias, R., and Hopkins, J. Face-to-face interactions of postpartum depressed

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and nondepressed mother-infant pairs at 2 months. Developmental Psychology 26:15?23, 1990.

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Cohn, J.F., Campbell, S.B., and Ross, S. Infant response in the still-face paradigm at 6 months predicts

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avoidant and secure attachment at 12 months. Special Issue: Attachment and developmental

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psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology 3:367?376, 1991.

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Field, T., Sandburg, S., Garcia, R., Vega-Lahr, N., Goldstein, S., and Guy, L. Pregnancy problems, postpartum

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depression, and early mother-infant interactions. Developmental Psychology 21:1152?

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1156, 1985.

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Fowles, E.R. Relationships among prenatal maternal attachment, presence of postnatal depressive symptoms,

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and maternal role attainment. Journal of the Society of Pediatric Nurses 1:75?82, 1996.

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Gendron, M. & Clark, R. G. (2000) Factors affecting brood abandonment in gadwalls (Anas strepera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 327–331.

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Gotlib, I.H., Whiffen, V.E., Wallace, P.M., and Mount, J.H. Prospective investigation of postpartum depression: factors involved in onset and recovery. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100:122?

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132, 1991.

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Harris, B. Biological and hormonal aspects of postpartum depressed mood: working towards strategies

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for prophylaxis and treatment. Special Issue: Depression. British Journal of Psychiatry

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164:288?292, 1994.

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Hoffman, Y., and Drotar, D. The impact of postpartum depressed mood on mother-infant interaction: like

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mother like baby? Infant Mental Health Journal 12:65?80, 1991.

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Jennings, K.D., Ross, S., Popper, S., and Elmore, M. Thoughts of harming infants in depressed and nondepressed

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mothers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999.

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Murray, L. Intersubjectivity, object relations theory, and empirical evidence from mother-infant interactions.

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Special Issue: The effects of relationships on relationships. Infant Mental Health Journal

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12:219?232, 1991.

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Murray, L., and Cooper, P.J. The impact of postpartum depression on child development. International

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O?Hara, M.W. Depression and marital adjustment during pregnancy and after delivery. American Journal

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of Family Therapy 13:49?55, 1985.

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O?Hara, M.W. Postpartum Depression: Causes and Consequences. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Trivers, R. L. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man (pp. 136-179). London: Heinemann.

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