Political science

History of political science

Main Article: History of political science

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Antecedents of political science

While the study of politics is first found in the Western tradition in Ancient Greece, political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.

Related Topics:
Western tradition - Ancient Greece - Social sciences - Moral philosophy - Political philosophy - Political economy - History - Normative - Deducing - State

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The antecedents of politics trace their roots back even earlier than Plato and Aristotle, particularly in the works of Homer, Hesiod, Thucydides, Xenophon, and Euripides. Later, Plato analyzed political systems, abstracted their analysis from more literary- and history- oriented studies and applied an approach we would understand as closer to philosophy. Similarly, Aristotle built upon Plato's analysis to include historical empirical evidence in his analysis.

Related Topics:
Plato - Aristotle - Homer - Hesiod - Thucydides - Xenophon - Euripides - Literary - History - Philosophy

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

During the rule of Rome, famous historians such as Polybius, Livy and Plutarch documented the rise of the Roman Republic, and the organization and histories of other nations, while statesmen like Julius Caesar, Cicero and others provided us with examples of the politics of the republic and Rome's empire and wars. The study of politics during this age was oriented toward understanding history, understanding methods of governing, and describing the operation of governments.

Related Topics:
Rome - Polybius - Livy - Plutarch - Republic - Statesmen - Julius Caesar - Cicero

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

With the fall of the Roman Empire, there arose a more diffuse arena for political studies. The rise of monotheism and, particularly for the Western tradition, Christianity, brought to light a new space for politics and political action. During the Middle Ages, the study of politics was widespread in the churches and courts. Works such as Augustine of Hippo's The City of God synthesized current philosophies and political traditions with those of Christianity, redefining the borders between what was religious and what was political. Most of the political questions surrounding the relationship between church and state were clarified and contested in this period.

Related Topics:
Fall of the Roman Empire - Monotheism - Christianity - Middle Ages - Augustine of Hippo - The City of God - Church

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the Middle East and later other Islamic areas, works such as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam and Epic of Kings by Ferdowsi provided evidence of political analysis, while the Islamic aristotelians such as Avicenna and later Maimonides and Averroes, continued Aristotle's tradition of analysis and empiricism, writing commentaries on Aristotle's works.

Related Topics:
Middle East - Islam - Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam - Ferdowsi - Islamic - Aristotelians - Avicenna - Maimonides - Averroes - Aristotle - Empiricism

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli established the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical observation of political institutions and actors. Later, the expansion of the scientific paradigm during the Enlightenment further pushed the study of politics beyond normative determinations.

Related Topics:
Italian Renaissance - Niccolò Machiavelli - Empirical - Observation - Institution - Enlightenment

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Political science

The advent of political science as a university discipline is evidenced by the naming of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the 1860s. Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is an ongoing project, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors.

Related Topics:
1860s - Positive

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioral revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behavior swept the discipline. At the same time that political science moved toward greater depth of analysis and more sophistication, it also moved toward a closer working relationship with other disciplines, especially sociology, economics, history, anthropology, psychology, and statistics. Increasingly, students of political behavior have used the scientific method to create an intellectual discipline based on the postulating of hypotheses followed by empirical verification and the inference of political trends, and of generalizations that explain individual and group political actions. Over the past generation, the discipline placed an increasing emphasis on relevance, or the use of new approaches and methodologies to solve political and social problems.

Related Topics:
1950s - 1960s - Sociology - Economics - History - Anthropology - Psychology - Statistics

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~