Poland


 

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The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.

Related Topics:
Central Europe - Germany - Czech Republic - Slovakia - Ukraine - Belarus - Baltic Sea - Lithuania - Russia - Kaliningrad Oblast - Exclave

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The Polish state was formed over 1,000 years ago under the Piast dynasty, and reached its Golden Age near the end of the 16th century under the Jagiellonian dynasty, when Poland was one of the richest and most powerful countries in Europe. On May 3, 1791 the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania voted for the May Constitution of Poland, Europe's first written constitution, and the second in the world after the Constitution of the United States. Soon afterwards, the country ceased to exist after being partitioned by its neighbours Russia, Austria and Prussia. It regained independence in 1918 in the aftermath of the First World War as the Second Polish Republic. Following the Second World War it became a communist satellite state of the Soviet Union known as the People's Republic of Poland. In 1989 the first partially-free elections in Poland's post-World War II history concluded the Solidarity movement's struggle for freedom and resulted in the defeat of Poland's communist rulers. The current Third Polish Republic was established, followed a few years later by the drafting of a new constitution in 1997. In 1999 Poland became a part of NATO and in 2004 it joined the European Union.

Related Topics:
State - Piast dynasty - Golden Age - 16th century - Jagiellonian dynasty - May 3 - 1791 - Sejm - Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania - May Constitution of Poland - Constitution - Constitution of the United States - Partitioned - Russia - Austria - Prussia - 1918 - First World War - Second Polish Republic - Second World War - Communist - Satellite state - Soviet Union - People's Republic of Poland - 1989 - Election - World War II - Solidarity - Third Polish Republic - New constitution - 1997 - 1999 - NATO - 2004 - European Union

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See also
External links

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Latest news on poland

Russia's top diplomat to have shield talks in Poland

MOSCOW (Reuters) - Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov will travel to Poland next week for talks on a plan, opposed by Moscow, to station parts of the U.S. missile shield on Polish soil, a foreign ministry spokesman said on Wednesday.

Poland game portal joins the Sudoku craze!

"July 27, 2005 - One of the leading European online game portals Gamedesire.com has launched free online Sudoku - the most popular brainteaser of 2005! Today Sudoku is available online! At Gamedesire.com you can have Sudoku in online mode, which presupposes that you may have as many puzzles and as many attempts as you like. There is no need in pen, paper and multiple corrections anymore, you can just use simple click-and-enter method and test your answers right away on the computer screen. Try to exercise your brain!" And now Poland enters the craze...I guess Anarctica is the only place that hasn't! Robert sudoku Sudoku

Sept. 1, 1939: Wehrmacht Puts the Blitz in Krieg

1939: Germany invades Poland, starting the second European war in a generation and introducing the world to a new kind of warfare: blitzkrieg. This form of attack, which helped the Germans obliterate the Poles in three weeks and the French in only six, relies on rapid mobility and the coordination of massed armor and infantry, with fighter planes and dive bombers providing air support. It also depends on the element of surprise, one reason Nazi Germany never declared war prior to invading an enemy. The concept of blitzkrieg was a matter of adapting 20th-century technology -- especially the tank, the airplane and the radio -- to the age-old tactics of mobile warfare. The Germans were not alone in exploring these possibilities -- military thinkers like Britain's Basil Liddell Hart and France's Charles de Gaulle also wrote extensively on the subject during the interwar years -- but conditions within the German army, and inside Germany itself, made for a more receptive audience. Heinz Guderian is the acknowledged father of the blitzkrieg. Guderian was a signals officer during World War I, but he studied tank tactics in the early '20s and became a proselytizer for armored warfare. He later published a study, Achtung Panzer!, that amounted to a blueprint of German blitzkrieg tactics for the next war. Adolf Hitler, meanwhile, was in the process of rearming the country when he attended a war-gaming exercise that combined tanks and motorized infantry. Hitler was impressed by the swiftness and the striking power, and he told Guderian -- who was running the exercise -- that this was the army he meant to have. The tank is the blitzkrieg's decisive weapon. Tactically, the key is to attack en masse rather than committing tanks piecemeal, in an infantry support role, which is what the French did. In Germany, this philosophy led to the creation of the panzer divisions, the world's first truly armored units. (Guderian, though only a colonel, was given command of the 2nd Panzer Division in 1935. As a general in World War II, Guderian commanded the XIX Panzer Corps during the Polish and French campaigns and, later, the Second Panzer Army in Russia. He also served as inspector general of panzer troops and, finally, as chief of the army's general staff.) The classic blitzkrieg attack unfolds like this: Air strikes, rather than artillery, open the attack, hitting at key targets such as enemy airfields, communications centers, rail lines, main roads, supply depots and troop concentrations. Early in the war, the Ju-87 "Stuka" dive bomber was heavily employed in this role. Artillery zeros in on those points in the enemy line selected for the armored breakthrough. When the barrage lifts, massed armor attacks those points (Schwerpunkte in German), tearing gaps in the enemy's line. Tanks, supported by motorized infantry, achieve the breakthrough, driving deep into the enemy's rear areas without stopping to consolidate gains or engage troops on the flanks. The point is to disrupt communications, paralyze command structure and destroy the enemy's ability to mount a coordinated counterattack. Infantry divisions follow up the breakthrough, encircling and mopping up enemy resistance, shoring up the flanks and consolidating the conquered territory. Success is achieved through surprise and speed, which keeps the enemy off balance. Maneuvering is coordinated through the use of radio, which was used so extensively by the Germans that individual tanks carried their own equipment. The French, by comparison, hardly used radio at all. The French High Command was not even connected by radio to units in the field. Instead, it dispatched orders by motorcycle courier from its headquarters outside of Paris. Incidentally, the German Wehrmacht never officially used the word blitzkrieg -- literally, "lightning war" -- though it did appear in several prewar German military publications. It came into popular use after turning up in Time magazine's coverage of the Polish invasion. Source: Various

Poland probes 'secret CIA jail'

Polish prosecutors investigate claims that the CIA interrogated terrorist suspects at a secret jail in Poland.

Poland approves plans for U.S. base

iPodObserver - Orange Pads Poland iPhone Lines with Actors

Apparently iPhone 3G envy isn't as high in Poland as it is in other countries, so Orange paid actors to stand in line to help drive up interest in the combination iPod and smartphone. The iPhone 3G went on sale in an additional 21 countries on August 22, including Poland, and Orange thought...

US and Poland sign defence deal

The US and Poland sign a deal to locate part of a controversial US missile defence shield on Polish territory, angering Russia.

Russia warns Poland over US shield

Moscow reserves right to launch nuclear attack on Poland if it hosts US rockets

U.S., Poland Sign Preliminary Deal On Europe Missile Shield (AHN)

(AHN) - U.S. and Polish officials signed a preliminary agreement here Thursday to put up a U.S. "missile shield" silo and a Patriot missile battery in Poland. - Thu, 14 Aug 2008 19:33:21 GMT

Russia: Missile Deal Won't Go 'Unpunished'

Poland and U.S. deal will see a missile defense battery in Poland.