Pierre-Joseph Proudhon

Pierre-Joseph Proudhon (pronounced in BrE, in French) (January 15, 1809 – January 19, 1865) was the first individual to call himself an "anarchist." Born in Besançon, Doubs, France, he was a workingman, a printer, who taught himself to read Latin so as to print books in that language as well. He is most famous for asserting "Property is theft", in his missive What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government (original title: Qu'est-ce que la propriété? Recherche sur le principe du droit et du gouvernement), first published in 1840.

Related Topics:
BrE - French - January 15 - 1809 - January 19 - 1865 - Anarchist - Besançon - Doubs - France - Property is theft - What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Though Proudhon called himself an anarchist, he did not advocate the abolition of government nor did he believe that such a thing was possible. Rather, he advocated its minimization: "By the word I wanted to indicate the extreme limit of political progress. Anarchy is... a form of government or constitution in which public and private consciousness, formed through the development of science and law, is alone sufficient to maintain order and guarantee all liberties... The institutions of the police, preventative and repressive methods officialdom, taxation etc., are reduced to a minimum..."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Proudhon claimed that "Property is impossible," "Property is theft," and "Property is freedom." Although he was against capitalism (which he regarded as state-backed monopoly on capital and the resulting profit making), he rejected communism and believed that private property in the fruits of one's labor (which he referred to as "possession" in early writings; "property" in other texts) was necessary both for liberty and for an efficient economy. He believed that property was theft when it was obtained and maintained by state-backed coercion. Though he is famous for saying "property is theft," he was using "property" to mean government protection of that which was not produced out of labor, such as unused land. He later switched to using the term "property" in a more standard way, holding that the product of one's labor should be regarded as his "property," believing property to be essential element of individual liberty: "Where shall we find a power capable of counter-balancing the... State? There is none other than property... The absolute right of the State is in conflict with the absolute right of the property owner. Property is the greatest revolutionary force which exists" (Theory of Property). Another one of his famous statements is that "anarchy is order". This statement is believed by some to be the source of the circled-A.

Related Topics:
Communism - Private property - Liberty - Circled-A

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

He adopted the term Mutualism for his brand of anarchism, which involved control of the means of production by the workers. In his vision, self-employed artisans, peasants, and cooperatives would trade their products on the market. He opposed capitalism since it involved profit --a violation of the labor theory of value, to Proudhon. And, he opposed communism since it opposed individual ownership of the produce of labor. Communist-anarchist Joseph Dejacque criticized Proudhon directly, saying that "it is not the product of his or her labor that the worker has a right to, but to the satisfaction of his or her needs, whatever may be their nature." For Proudhon, factories and other large workplaces would be run by 'labor associations' operating on directly democratic principles. The state would be abolished; instead, society would be organized by a federation of 'free communes' (community assemblies). In 1863 Proudhon said, "All my economic ideas as developed over twenty-five years can be summed up in the words: agricultural-industrial federation. All my political ideas boil down to a similar formula: political federation or decentralization." Proudhon rejected violent revolution, favoring a gradual evolution of society into anarchy.

Related Topics:
Mutualism - Worker - Peasants - Joseph Dejacque

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

He made few public criticisms of Marx or Marxism because in his lifetime Marx was a relatively minor thinker; it was only after Proudhon's death that Marxism became a large movement. In fact, Marx had to struggle against the greater influence of Proudhon amongst leftists. He did, however, criticize other authoritarian socialists of his time period. This included the state socialist Louis Blanc, of which Proudhon said, "let me say to M. Blanc: you desire neither Catholicism nor monarchy nor nobility, but you must have a God, a religion, a dictatorship, a censorship, a hierarchy, distinctions, and ranks. For my part, I deny your God, your authority, your sovereignty, your judicial State, and all your representative mystifications." It was Proudhon's book What is Property? that convinced the young Karl Marx that private property should be abolished. In one of his first works, The Holy Family, Marx said, "Not only does Proudhon write in the interest of the proletarians, he is himself a proletarian, an ouvrier. His work is a scientific manifesto of the French proletariat." Marx, however, disagreed with Proudhon's anarchism and later published vicious criticisms of Proudhon. Marx wrote The Poverty of Philosophy as a refutation of Proudhon's The Philosophy of Poverty. In his libertarian socialism, Proudhon was followed by Mikhail Bakunin, in contrast to the authoritarian socialism that followed from Marx.

Related Topics:
Marx - Marxism - Louis Blanc - What is Property? - Private property - Proletarian - The Poverty of Philosophy - Libertarian socialism - Mikhail Bakunin

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

His works were first translated into English by Benjamin Tucker, an advocate of individualist anarchism, who promoted Proudhon's ideas in the United States.

Related Topics:
Benjamin Tucker - Individualist anarchism

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

His essay on what is government is also quite well known.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

:"To be GOVERNED is to be watched, inspected, spied upon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled, indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated, valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who have neither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so. To be GOVERNED is to be at every operation, at every transaction noted, registered, counted, taxed, stamped, measured, numbered, assessed, licensed, authorized, admonished, prevented, forbidden, reformed, corrected, punished. It is, under pretext of public utility, and in the name of the general interest, to be place under contribution, drilled, fleeced, exploited, monopolized, extorted from, squeezed, hoaxed, robbed; then, at the slightest resistance, the first word of complaint, to be repressed, fined, vilified, harassed, hunted down, abused, clubbed, disarmed, bound, choked, imprisoned, judged, condemned, shot, deported, sacrificed, sold, betrayed; and to crown all, mocked, ridiculed, derided, outraged, dishonored. That is government; that is its justice; that is its morality." (P.-J. Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, translated by John Beverly Robinson (London: Freedom Press, 1923), pp. 293-294.)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Another famous quote was his 'dialogue with a philistine' in What is Property?:

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Why, how can you ask such a question? You are a republican."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"A republican! Yes; but that word specifies nothing. Res publica; that is, the public thing. Now, whoever is interested in public affairs -- no matter under what form of government -- may call himself a republican. Even kings are republicans."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Well! You are a democrat?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"No."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"What! "you would have a monarchy?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"No."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

" A Constitutionalist?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"God forbid."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Then you are an aristocrat?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Not at all!"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"You want a mixed form of government?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Even less."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Then what are you?"

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"I am an anarchist."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"Oh! I understand you; you speak satirically. This is a hit at the government."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

"By no means. I have just given you my serious and well-considered profession of faith. Although a firm friend of order, I am (in the full force of the term) an anarchist. Listen to me."

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~