Paul Keres

Paul Keres (born January 7, 1916, in Narva, Estonia; died June 5, 1975, in Helsinki, Finland) was an Estonian chess grandmaster and one of the strongest chess players of all time, apart from the World chess champions. Many claim him to be the strongest modern player (since the line of official World Champions started with Steinitz in 1886) never to play in a world championship match. He was dubbed "The Crown Prince of Chess".

Related Topics:
January 7 - 1916 - Narva - Estonia - June 5 - 1975 - Helsinki - Finland - Chess - Grandmaster - World chess champion - Steinitz - 1886

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From 1937 to 1941 he studied mathematics at the University of Tartu.

Related Topics:
1937 - 1941 - Mathematics - University of Tartu

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In 1938 he won the all-star AVRO tournament tied with Reuben Fine (with equal total score, but beating Fine 1½-½ in their individual two games), ahead of chess legends Mikhail Botvinnik, Max Euwe, Samuel Reshevsky, Alexander Alekhine, José Raúl Capablanca and Salo Flohr. It was supposed that the winner of this tournament would be the challenger for the World champion title, but the outbreak of the Second World War brought negotiations with the current champion, Alekhine, to an end. In the 1948 World Championship tournament, arranged to find a champion following Alekhine's death in 1946, Keres finished joint third, with 10.5 out of 20 points. This, probably his main disappointment, must be seen in the context of his difficult personal situation after the end of WWII. His native Estonia had been successively occupied by the Soviets, Germany and then in 1944 the Soviets again, and he had participated in several tournaments in Europe during the German occupation. Upon the Soviet invasion of Estonia in 1944 his attempt to flee the country failed, and as a consequence he was harassed by the Soviet authorities and feared for his life. It is often believed that Keres through his career was forced to lose or draw important games in international events, in favour of more "politically correct" Soviet players (specifically, Botvinnik). His chess career may have been hampered, but Keres did manage to avoid deportation to Siberia or any worse fate during the Soviet occupation.

Related Topics:
1938 - AVRO - Reuben Fine - Mikhail Botvinnik - Max Euwe - Samuel Reshevsky - Alexander Alekhine - José Raúl Capablanca - Salo Flohr - World champion - Second World War - 1948 - 1946 - Estonia - Germany - 1944 - Soviet

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Keres won the strong USSR Chess Championship three times (1947, 1950 and 1951), and finished a runner-up in the Candidates Tournament four times, never qualifying for a world championship match. He was one of very few players who had a plus record against Capablanca. Here is his win in 1938 (moves given in Algebraic chess notation):

Related Topics:
USSR Chess Championship - 1947 - 1950 - 1951 - Candidates Tournament - Algebraic chess notation

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1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nd2 c5 4.exd5 exd5 5.Ngf3 Nc6 6.Bb5 Qe7+ 7.Be2 cxd4 8.O-O Qc7 9.Nb3 Bd6 10.Nbxd4 a6 11.b3 Nge7 12.Bb2 O-O 13.Nxc6 bxc6 14.c4 Be6 15.Qc2 dxc4 16.Bxc4 Bxc4 17.Qxc4 Rfb8 18.h3 Rb5 19.Rac1 Rc8 20.Rfd1 Ng6 21.Nd4 Rb6 22.Ne6 Qb8 23.Ng5 Rb7 24.Qg4 Bf4 25.Rc4 Rb5 26.Nxf7 Re8 27.g3 Qc8 28.Rxf4 Qxg4 29.Rxg4 Kxf7 30.Rd7+ Re7 31.Rxe7+ Kxe7 32.Bxg7 Ra5 33.a4 Rc5 34.Rb4 Ke6 35.Kg2 h5 36.Rc4 Rxc4 37.bxc4 Kd6 38.f4 1-0

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He also had plus records against World Champions Euwe and Mikhail Tal, and equal records against Vasily Smyslov, Tigran Petrosian and Anatoly Karpov. Through his long career, he played against no less than ten world champions, beating nine (his games with Karpov were drawn). Other notable grandmasters which he had plus records against include Fine, Flohr, Viktor Korchnoi, Efim Geller, Savielly Tartakower, Mark Taimanov, Milan Vidmar, Svetozar Gligoric, Isaac Boleslavsky, Efim Bogoljubov and Bent Larsen. He was ranked among the top 10 players in the world for close to 30 years, between approximately 1936 and 1965, and overall he had one of the highest winning percentages of all grandmasters in history. Chessmetrics, which specializes in calculating historic ELO ratings and accounting for the inflation, has placed his 20-year peak rating as the seventh highest ever.

Related Topics:
Mikhail Tal - Vasily Smyslov - Tigran Petrosian - Anatoly Karpov - Viktor Korchnoi - Efim Geller - Savielly Tartakower - Mark Taimanov - Milan Vidmar - Svetozar Gligoric - Isaac Boleslavsky - Efim Bogoljubov - Bent Larsen - 1936 - 1965 - Chessmetrics - ELO - Inflation

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He wrote a number of chess books, including well-regarded collection of his games, several tournament books, The Art of the Middle Game (with Alexander Kotov) ISBN 0486261549 and Practical Chess Endings ISBN 0713442107.

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He died of heart attack in Helsinki, Finland in 1975, at the age of 59.

Related Topics:
Helsinki - Finland - 1975

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The five kroons (5 krooni) Estonian banknote bears his portrait.

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A statue honouring him can be found on Tõnismägi in Tallinn.

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An annual international chess tournament has been held in Tallinn every year since 1969. Keres won this tournament in 1971 and 1975. Starting in 1976 after Keres' death, it has been called the Paul Keres Memorial. There are also a number of chess clubs and festivals named after him. In 2000, he was elected the Estonian Sportsman of the Century.

Related Topics:
Tallinn - 1969 - 1971 - 1975 - 1976 - Paul Keres Memorial - 2000

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