Pashtun

The Pashtuns (also Pushtun, Pakhtun, ethnic Afghan, or Pathan) are an ethno-linguistic group of eastern Iranian stock, living primarily in eastern and southern Afghanistan, the NWFP Province and Baluchistan with large colonies found in Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore in Pakistan. There are smaller communities in Iran and India, and a large migrant worker community in the countries of the Arabian peninsula. The Pashtuns are typically characterized by their language, Muslim religion, and their pre-Islamic indigenous code of honor and culture, Pashtunwali. The Pashtuns are the world's largest segmentary lineage (patriarchal) tribal group in existence. The total population of the group is estimated to be about 40 million, but may be much higher as accurate census counts often prove difficult given the migratory nature of many Pashtun tribes as well as the practice of secluding women.

References

• Ahmad, Aisha and Boase, Roger. 2003. "Pashtun Tales from the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier: From the Pakistan-Afghan Frontier." Saqi Books (March 1, 2003). http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0863564380/qid=1113656898/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/002-6152052-7947259.
• Ahmed, Akbar S. 1976. Millennium and Charisma among Pathans: A Critical Essay in

Social Anthropology. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

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• Ahmed, Akbar S. 1980. Pukhtun economy and society. London: Routledge and Kegan

Paul.

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• Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1994. "The Politics of Social Transformation in Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0815626088/qid=1120438139/sr=1-5/ref=sr_1_5/104-9786078-3515143?v=glance&s=books.
• Banuazizi, Ali and Myron Weiner (eds.). 1988. "The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East)." Syracuse University Press. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0815624484/qid=1120438412/sr=1-6/ref=sr_1_6/104-9786078-3515143?v=glance&s=books.
• Careo, Olaf. 1984. "The Pathans: 500 B.C.-A.D. 1957 (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)". Oxford University Press.

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195772210/qid=1117631587/sr=1-2/ref=sr_1_2/002-5873546-3388043?v=glance&s=books

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• Dani, Ahmad Hasan. 1985. "Peshawar: Historic city of the Frontier." Sang-e-Meel Publications (1995). http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/9693505549/qid=1113657635/sr=1-17/ref=sr_1_17/002-6152052-7947259?v=glance&s=books.
• Dupree, Louis. 1997. "Afghanistan." Oxford University Press. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195776348/qid=1120438859/sr=1-69/ref=sr_1_69/104-9786078-3515143?v=glance&s=books.
• Elphinstone, Mountstuart. 1815. "An account of the Kingdom of Caubul and its dependencies in Persia, Tartary, and India,: comprising a view of the Afghaun nation." Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst (1969). http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0006C1P4M/qid=1113657171/sr=1-14/ref=sr_1_14/002-6152052-7947259?v=glance&s=books.
• Habibi, Abdul Hai. 2003. "Afghanistan: An Abridged History." Fenestra Books. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1587361698/qid=1120438707/sr=1-57/ref=sr_1_57/104-9786078-3515143?v=glance&s=books.
• Hopkirk, Peter. 1984. "The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia." Kodansha Globe; Reprint edition. http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568360223/qid=1113656314/sr=2-1/ref=pd_bbs_b_2_1/002-6152052-7947259.
• Wardak, Ali "Jirga - A Traditional Mechanism of Conflict Resolution in Afghanistan", 2003, online at UNPAN (the United Nations Online Network in Public Administration and Finance).
• A Study of the Greek Ancestry of Northern Pakistani Ethnic Groups Using 115 Microsatellite Markers. A. Mansoor, Q. Ayub, et al.Am. J. Human Genetics, Oct 2001 v69 i4 p399