Panama Canal

The Panama Canal is a canal 82 km (51 mi) long that cuts through the isthmus of Panama, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Central America. The canal has a huge impact on shipping, as it removes the need for ships to travel the long and dangerous route via the Drake Passage and Cape Horn (at the southernmost tip of South America). The canal saves a total of about 18,000 miles on a trip from New York to San Francisco by sea.

References

• {{note|earthinfo}} The Panama Canal, from Global Perspectives
• {{note|acptraffic}} Panama Canal Traffic ? Fiscal Years 2002?2004, Panama Canal Authority
• {{note|biogeog}} The Panama Canal as a Passageway for Fishes, Samuel F. Hildebrand, Zoologica (New York), 1939
• {{note|rockscement}} Cement And Concrete, from The Builders of the Panama Canal, CZ Brats
• {{note|swingbridge}} Photo: The Opening of the Miraflores Bridge, CZ Brats
• {{note|mirabridge}} Costa Rica Tour and Panama Cruise ? Photos and text by Jack Yeazel, with detail pictures of the locks
• {{note|canalmus}} Picture of the Gatún locks road bridge, canalmuseum.com
• {{note|earthinfo2}} Pre-Canal History, from Global Perspectives
• {{note|panscandal}} On the Panama Scandal, speech by Jean Jaurès, 1893 (at Marxists.org Internet Archive)
• {{note|McCullough}} The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870-1914, David McCullough, Simon & Schuster, 1978 (a comprehensive history of the building of the canal)
• {{note|Barrett}} The Panama Canal, what it is, what it means, J. Barrett, 1913
• {{note|LaFeber}} The Panama Canal: The Crisis in Historical Perspective, Walter LaFeber, Oxford, 1990 (a survey of U.S. diplomatic, legal, political, economic, and military involvement with the canal)
• {{note|haskin}} The Panama Canal, Frederic J. Haskin
• {{note|Major}} Prize Possession: The United States and the Panama Canal 1903-1979, John Major, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (a comprehensive history of U.S. policy, from Teddy Roosevelt to Jimmy Carter)
• {{note|armthird}} Enlarging the Panama Canal, Alden P. Armagnac, CZ Brats
• {{note|czthird}} Enlarging the Panama Canal for Bigger Battleships, notes from CZ Brats
• {{note|consusa}} China company grabs power over Panama Canal, Rowan Scarborough, The Washington Times (at The Conservative Caucus)
• {{note|cnn}} Transfer heavy on symbolism, light on change, Steve Nettleton, CNN Interactive
• {{note|consusa2}} At Last, Terrorist Threat to Panama Canal is Recognized, at The Conservative Caucus
• {{note|smithson}} A Man, A Plan, A Canal: Panama Rises, Smithsonian Magazine, March 2004
• {{note|acpsafety}} Tonnage Increases; Canal Waters Time and Accidents Drop, Panama Canal Authority, December 09, 2003
• {{note|colliers}} New York Port Hums Again, With Asian Trade, Eric Lipton, New York Times, November 22, 2004
• {{note|acpcargorec}} Panama Canal Sets Historic Record in Tons of Cargo, Panama Canal Authority, March 18, 2004
• {{note|acpprojects}} Modernization & Improvements, Panama Canal Authority
• {{note|buzpan}} The Panama Canal, Business in Panama (an article on proposed future development of the canal)
• {{note|pittimes}} Enlarging Panama Canal is engineers' chance of lifetime, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, September 18, 2005
• {{note|mecheng}} Pumping Up the Panama Canal, Mechanical Engineering Magazine (an article on recycling lock water)
• {{note|acptoll}} Maritime Operations ? Tolls, Panama Canal Authority
• {{note|acpfaq}} Panama Canal Authority FAQ