Mammal

The mammals are the class of vertebrate animals characterized by the presence of mammary glands, which in females produce milk for the nourishment of young; the presence of hair or fur; and which have endothermic or "warm-blooded" bodies. The brain regulates endothermic and circulatory systems, including a four-chambered heart. Mammals encompass some 5500 species, distributed in about 1200 genera, 152 families and up to 46 orders, though this varies depending on the classification scheme adopted.

Characteristics

While most mammals give birth to live young, there are a few mammals (the monotremes) that lay eggs. Live birth also occurs in a variety of non-mammalian species, such as guppies and hammerhead sharks; thus it is not a distinguishing characteristic of mammals. Although all mammals are endothermic, so are birds and so this is also not a main defining feature.

Related Topics:
Monotremes - Egg - Guppies - Hammerhead shark - Bird

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While monotremes do not have nipples, they do have mammary glands, meaning that they meet all conditions for inclusion in the class Mammalia. It should be noted that the current trend in taxonomy is to emphasize common ancestry; the diagnostic characteristics are useful for identifying this ancestry, but if, for example, a cetacean were found that had no hair at all, it would still be classified as a mammal.

Related Topics:
Mammary gland - Taxonomy - Cetacean

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Mammals have three bones in each ear and one (the dentary) on each side of the lower jaw; all other vertebrates with ears have one bone (the stapes) in the ear and at least three on each side of the jaw. A group of therapsids called cynodonts had three bones in the jaw, but the main jaw joint was the dentary and the other bones conducted sound. The extra jaw bones of other vertebrates are thought to be homologous with the malleus and incus of the mammal ear.

Related Topics:
Bone - Ear - Jaw - Therapsid - Cynodont

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Mammals have integumentary systems made up of three layers: the outermost epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis.

Related Topics:
Integumentary systems - Epidermis - Dermis - Hypodermis

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All mammalian brains possess a neocortex. This brain region is unique to mammals.

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The epidermis is typically ten to thirty cells thick, its main function being to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is fifteen to forty times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components such as bony structures and blood vessels. The hypodermis is made up of adipose tissue. Its job is to store lipids, and to provide cushioning and insulation. The thickness of this layer varies widely from species to species.

Related Topics:
Epidermis - Adipose tissue

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Most mammals are terrestrial, but a number are aquatic, including sirenia (manatees and dugongs) and the cetaceans (dolphins and whales). Whales are the largest of all animals. There are semi-aquatic species such as seals which come to land to breed but spend the majority of the time in water.

Related Topics:
Terrestrial - Aquatic - Sirenia - Manatee - Dugong - Dolphin - Whale - Largest of all animals - Seal

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True flight has evolved only once in mammals, the bats; mammals such as flying squirrels and flying lemurs are actually gliding animals.

Related Topics:
Flight - Bat - Flying squirrel - Flying lemur

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No mammals have hair naturally blue or green in colour. Some cetaceans, along with the mandrills appear to have shades of blue skin. Many mammals are indicated as having blue hair or fur, but in all cases, it will be found to be a shade of grey. The two-toed sloth can seem to have green fur, however, this colour is caused by algae growths.

Related Topics:
Mandrill - Two-toed sloth - Algae

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