Mainz

Mainz (French: Mayence) is a city in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

History

The Roman stronghold of castrum Moguntiacum, the precursor to Mainz, was founded by the Roman general Drusus in 13 BC. Moguntiacum was an important military town throughout Roman times, probably due to its strategic position at the confluence of the Main and the Rhine. The castrum was the base of Legio XIV Gemina and XVI Gallica (9–43 AD), Legion XXII Pia Fidelis Primagenia, IV Macedonica (43–70), I Adiutrix (70-88), XXI Rapax (70-89), and XIV Gemina (70–92), among others. It was also the base of a Roman river fleet (the remains of Roman patrol boats and cargo barges from about 375/6 were discovered in 1982 and may now be viewed in the Museum für Antike Schifffahrt). The city was the provincial capital of Germania Superiore, and had an important funeral monument dedicated to Drusus, to which people made pilgrimages for an annual festival from as far away as Lyon. Alamanni forces under Rando sacked the city in 368.

Related Topics:
Castrum - Drusus - 13 BC - Legio XIV ''Gemina'' - XVI ''Gallica'' - 9 - 43 - IV ''Macedonica'' - 70 - I ''Adiutrix'' - 88 - XXI ''Rapax'' - 89 - 92 - Lyon - Alamanni

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In last days of 406, the Siling and Asding Vandals, the Suebi, the Alans, and other Germanic tribes took advantage of the rare freezing of the Rhine to cross the river at Mainz and overwhelm the Roman defences. Christian chronicles relate that the bishop, Aureus, was put to death by the Alamannian Crocus. The way was open to the sack of Trier and the invasion of Gaul. This event is familiar to many from the historical novel, Eagle in the Snow, by Wallace Breem.

Related Topics:
Vandal - Suebi - Alans - Trier - Eagle in the Snow - Wallace Breem

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After the Fall of the Roman Empire in 476 CE, the Franks under the rule of Clovis I gained control over western Europe by the year 496. Mainz, in its strategic position, became one of the bases of the Frankish kingdom. Mainz had sheltered a Christian community long before the conversion of Clovis. His successor Dagobert reinforced the walls of Mainz and made it one of his seats.

Related Topics:
476 - Franks - Clovis I - 496 - Dagobert

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In the Holy Roman Empire, which was founded in 962, the Archbishop of Mainz was one of the prince-electors. In the Middle Ages, Mainz was a centre for the Christianisation of the German and Slavic peoples. The first Archbishop of Mainz, Boniface, was killed while trying to convert the Frisians to Christianity and is buried in Fulda. Beginning with Willigis (975–1011) until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Archbishops of Mainz were archchancellors of the Empire and the most important ones of the seven Electors to elect the German Emperor. Besides Rome, Mainz is the only diocese in the world with an episcopal see that is called a Holy See (sancta sedes). The Archbishops of Mainz traditionally were primas germaniae, the substitutes of the Pope north of the Alps. In 1244, the Archbishop Siegfried III granted Mainz the town rights, which included the right of the citizens to establish and elect a city council.

Related Topics:
Holy Roman Empire - 962 - Archbishop of Mainz - Prince-elector - Middle Age - Christianisation - German - Slavic - Boniface - Fulda - Willigis - 975 - 1011 - 1806 - Archbishops of Mainz - Rome - Diocese - Episcopal see - Holy See - Primas germaniae - Pope - Alps

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The city saw a feud between two Archbishops in 1461, namely Diether von Isenburg, who was supported by the citizens, and Adolf II von Nassau, who had been named bishop for Mainz by the Pope. In 1462, the Archbishop Adolf II raided the city of Mainz, plundering and killing 400 inhabitants. At a tribunal, those who had survived lost all their property, which was then divided between those who promised to follow Adolf II. Those who would not promise to follow Adolf II (amongst them Johann Gutenberg) were driven out of the town or thrown into prison. The new Archbishop denied Mainz its town rights and made the city an archiepiscopal capital.

Related Topics:
Archbishops - Nassau - Pope - 1462 - Johann Gutenberg

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During the French Revolution, the French Revolutionary army occupied Mainz in 1792; the Archbishop of Mainz, Mr. Erthal, had already fled by the time the French marched in. On 18 March 1793, the Jacobins of Mainz, with other German democrats from about 130 towns in the Rhenish Palatinate, proclaimed the ?Republic of Mainz?. Led by Georg Forster representatives of the Mainz Republic in Paris requested political affiliation of the Mainz Republic with France, but too late: As Prussia was not entirely happy with the idea of a democratic free state on German soil, Prussian troops had already occupied the area and besieged Mainz by the end of March, 1793. After a siege of 18 weeks, the French troops in Mainz surrendered on 22 July 1793; Prussians occupied the city and ended the Republic of Mainz. Members of the Mainz Jacobin Club were mistreated or imprisoned and punished for treason.

Related Topics:
French Revolution - 1792 - Archbishop of Mainz - 18 March - 1793 - Jacobins - Rhenish Palatinate - Georg Forster - Paris - Prussia - 22 July

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In 1797, the French returned. The army of Napoléon Bonaparte (Napoleon I of France) occupied the German territory to the west of the Rhine river, and the Treaty of Campo Formio awarded France this entire area. On 17 February 1800, the French Département du Mont-Tonnerre was founded here, with Mainz as its capital, the Rhine river being the new eastern frontier of la Grande Nation. Austria and Prussia could not but approve this new border with France in 1801. However, after several defeats in Europe during the next years, the weakened Napoléon and his troops had to leave Mainz in May 1814.

Related Topics:
1797 - Napoléon Bonaparte - Rhine - Treaty of Campo Formio - 17 February - 1800 - Département du Mont-Tonnerre - Mainz - Austria - Prussia - 1801

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In 1816, the part of the former French Département which is known today as Rheinhessen was awarded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, Mainz being the capital of the new Hessian province Rheinhessen. From 1816 to 1866, to the German Confederation Mainz was the most important fortress in the defence against France, and had a strong garrison of Austrian and Prussian troops.

Related Topics:
Rheinhessen - Grand Duchy - Hesse-Darmstadt - Hessian - German Confederation - Austria - Prussia

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In the afternoon of 18 November 1857, a huge explosion rocked Mainz when the city?s powder magazine, the Pulverturm, exploded. Approximately 150 people were killed and at least 500 injured; 57 buildings were destroyed and a similar number severely damaged in what was to be known as the Powder Tower Explosion or Powder Explosion.

Related Topics:
18 November - 1857

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During the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Mainz was declared a neutral zone. After the founding of the German Empire in 1871, Mainz no longer was as important a stronghold, because in the war of 1870/71 France had lost the territory of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and this defined the new border between the two countries.

Related Topics:
Austro-Prussian War - 1866 - German Empire - War of 1870/71 - Alsace-Lorraine

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For centuries the inhabitants of the fortress of Mainz had suffered from a severe shortage of space which led to disease and other inconveniences; in 1872, Mayor Carl Wallau and the council of Mainz persuaded the military government to sign a contract for the expansion of the city. Beginning in 1874, the city of Mainz assimilated the Gartenfeld, an idyllic area of meadows and fields along the shore of the Rhine River to the north of the rampart. The city expansion more than doubled the urban area, which allowed Mainz to participate in the industrial revolution which had previously passed the city by for decades.

Related Topics:
1872 - Carl Wallau - 1874 - Rhine River - Industrial revolution

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Eduard Kreyßig was the man who made this happen. Having been the master builder of the city of Mainz since 1865, Mr. Kreyßig had the vision of the new part of the town, the Mainz Neustadt; he also planned the very first sewer system (since Roman times) for the old part of the town, and it was he who persuaded the city government to relocate the railroad route from the Rhine side to the west end of the town. The Mainz master builder constructed a number of state-of-the-art public buildings, including the Mainz town hall — which was the largest one of its kind in Germany at that time — as well a synagogue, the Rhine harbor, and a number of public baths and school buildings. Mr. Kreyßig's last work was the Christ Cathedral, which is the protestant counterpart to the 1,000-year-old catholic Mainz Cathedral.

Related Topics:
1865 - Mainz Cathedral

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After the end of World War I, Mainz was occupied by the French between 1919 and 1930. During World War II, more than 30 air raids and bomb attacks destroyed about 80% of the inner city of Mainz, including most of the historic buildings.

Related Topics:
World War I - French - 1919 - 1930 - World War II

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From 1945 to 1949, the city was again occupied by the French military. When the federal state of Rheinland-Pfalz was founded on 18 May 1947, Koblenz was the temporary capital; in 1950 Mainz became the capital of the new state.

Related Topics:
1945 - 1949 - Rheinland-Pfalz - 18 May - 1947 - Koblenz - 1950

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