List of subsistence techniques

Subsistence means living in a permanently fragile equilibrium between alimentary needs and the means for satisfying them.

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The following is a list of subsistence techniques:

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• Hunting and Gathering techniques, also known as Foraging:
• freeganism ? involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment
• gleaning ? involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields
• Cultivation:
• Horticulture ? plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.
• subsistence agriculture ? agricultural cultivation involving continuous use of arable (crop) land, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.
• Pastoralism, the raising of grazing animals:
• Pastoral nomadism ? all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.
• Transhumance or agro-pastoralism ? part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.
• Ranch agriculture ? non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory
• Alternative ends : people devote their time, resources, and energy to five broad categories of ends ? subsistence, replacement, social, ceremonial, and rent.
• Subsistence fund ? work is done to replace calories lost through life activities.
• Replacement fund ? work is expended maintaining the technology necessary for life.
• Social fund ? work is expended to establish and maintain social ties.
• Ceremonial fund ? work is expended to fulfill ritual obligations.
• Rent fund ? work is expended to satisfy the obligations owed political or economic superiors.
• Distribution and :
• Redistribution
• Reciprocity ? exchange between social equals.
• Potlatching ? a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.
• LETS ? Local Exchange Trading Systems.
 
List of subsistence techniques: See also ►