List of subsistence techniques
Subsistence means living in a permanently fragile equilibrium between alimentary needs and the means for satisfying them.
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The following is a list of subsistence techniques:
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- Hunting and Gathering techniques, also known as Foraging:
- freeganism ? involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment
- gleaning ? involves the gathering of food that traditional farmers have left behind in their fields
- Cultivation:
- Horticulture ? plant cultivation, based on the use of simple tools.
- subsistence agriculture ? agricultural cultivation involving continuous use of arable (crop) land, and is more labor-intensive than horticulture.
- Pastoralism, the raising of grazing animals:
- Pastoral nomadism ? all members of the pastoral society follow the herd throughout the year.
- Transhumance or agro-pastoralism ? part of the society follows the herd, while the other part maintains a home village.
- Ranch agriculture ? non-nomadic pastoralism with a defined territory
- Alternative ends : people devote their time, resources, and energy to five broad categories of ends ? subsistence, replacement, social, ceremonial, and rent.
- Subsistence fund ? work is done to replace calories lost through life activities.
- Replacement fund ? work is expended maintaining the technology necessary for life.
- Social fund ? work is expended to establish and maintain social ties.
- Ceremonial fund ? work is expended to fulfill ritual obligations.
- Rent fund ? work is expended to satisfy the obligations owed political or economic superiors.
- Distribution and :
- Redistribution
- Reciprocity ? exchange between social equals.
- Potlatching ? a widely studied ritual in which sponsors (helped by their entourages) gave away resources and manufactured wealth while generating prestige for themselves.
- LETS ? Local Exchange Trading Systems.
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