Lilya Brik

Lilya Yur'evna Brik (alternatively spelled Lili or Lily, Russian: ???? ??????? ????; 1891 - August 4, 1978) was wife of Osip Brik, muse of Vladimir Mayakovsky and a sister of Elsa Triolet. Pablo Neruda called her "muse of Russian avant garde". Her name was frequently abbreviated by the contemporaries as "?.?." or "?.?.?."

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Born Lilya Kagan (Russian: ???? ?????) into a Jewish family of a lawyer and a music teacher in Moscow, both sisters received excellent education and were able to speak fluent German and French languages and play piano. Lilya graduated from Moscow Institute of Architecture.

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Both sisters were famous for their beauty. Their portraits were done by Alexander Rodchenko, Alexander Tyshler, David Shterenberg, David Burlyuk, Fernand L?ger, Nadezhda L?ger-Hodasevich, Gary Blumenfeld, and later by Henri Matisse and Marc Chagall. Both sisters enjoyed poetry. In 1912 Lilya married poet-futurist and poetry critic Osip Brik.

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In 1915 Elsa befriended an aspiring futurist poet and graphic artist Vladimir Mayakovsky and invited him home, but he fell in love with Lilya. Despite the calamities of WWI, Russian Civil War and throughout 1920s, their love affair caught and stayed in public attention, possibly because she did not divorce her husband. After June 1915, Mayakovsky's lyrical poetry was almost exclusively devoted to Lilya (with notable exception of late 1920s to Tatyana Yakovleva). He frequently explicitly dedicated his poems or referred in them to Lilya by name, for example in his "?????? ? ??????" (A Cloud in Trousers, 1915), "??????-???????????" (The Backbone Flute, 1916), "??? ???" (About This, 1922), "???????! ?????? ??????" (Lilechka! Instead of a Letter).

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In 1918, Mayakovsky wrote the scenario for the movie "?????????? ???????" (Chained by the Film) in which he and Lilya starred. The movie (produced by a private movie company "Neptune") has been lost, with the exception of a few trial shots. Gianni Totti used them in his 1980s movie.

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In 1926, after visiting Jewish kolkhozes in Crimea, she produced a documentary "????? ?? ?????" (Jews on the ground) about Jewish communal farming in the USSR (see OZET), with scenario cowritten by Mayakovsky and Victor Shklovsky. In 1928-1929, Lilya turned to directing a half-fiction-half-documentary motion picture "?????????? ????" (The Glass Eye), a parody on "bourgeois cinematography".

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Some authors consider that his passion for Lilya was one of the motives that drove Mayakovsky to suicide in 1930 at his Moscow apartment immediately after his breakup with Veronika Polonskaya. Lilya, who at the time was in Berlin, wrote that earlier she twice saved him from committing suicide.

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Later in 1930, Lilya Brik married Soviet General Vitali Primakov. Primakov was arrested in 1936 and executed in 1937 in relation to the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, a part of the Moscow Trials. The charges were dropped and he was rehabilitated posthumously in 1957.

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In 1935, Stalin wrote his famous remark on Lilya Brik's letter to him:

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"Comrade Yezhov, please take charge of Brik's letter. Mayakovsky is still the best and the most talented poet of our Soviet epoch. Indifference to his cultural heritage is a crime. Brik's complaints are, in my opinion, justified..."

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(Source: Memoirs ("????????????", in Russian) by Vasily V. Katanyan (L.Yu.B.'s stepson), 1998 p.112)

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The historian Roy Medvedev wrote in the 1970s in The Continent (magazine) that Lilya's name, listed in Nikolai Yezhov's execution list, possibly as a Traitor of Motherland Family Member, was crossed out personally by Joseph Stalin.

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In 1938, she married writer Vasily Abgarovich Katanyan and they spent forty years together.

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Lilya Brik committed suicide at the age of 87 when she was irrecoverably ill. She left sculptures and writings. Recently published letters between the sisters in the course of more than five decades (except six years of World War II) unfold insights into life and cultural exchange across the Iron Curtain.

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There were attempts to present her as greedy and manipulative femme fatale, but those who knew her, noted her altruism and intelligence. She helped many aspiring talents and was acquainted with many leading figures of Russian and international culture, such as Sergei Eisenstein, Lev Kuleshov, Boris Pasternak, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Kazimir Malevich, Sergei Paradjanov, Maya Plisetskaya, Rodion Shchedrin, Andrei Voznesensky, Yves St. Laurent and Pablo Picasso.

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Russian: Russian can mean:...

1891: 1891 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar)....

August 4: August 4 is the 216th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (217th in leap years), with 149 days remaining....