Lignin

Lignin is a chemical compound that is an integral part of the cell walls of some cells, e.g., tracheids, xylary fibres and sclereids of plants.

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Lignin polymers are mostly made of phenylpropanoid units linked to each other through different kinds of bonds. Lignin polymers are probably network structures with a molecular weights on the order of 10,000 amu.

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Lignin is the most abundant organic material on earth after cellulose. It is believed that lignin gives wood its stiffness and improves water transport. Lignin is thought to act as a kind of glue in the plant cell walls and give plants very effective protection against parasite attack. Lgnin makes up about one-quarter to one-third of the mass of dry wood. In the chemical pulping process, lignin is removed from wood pulp before it is turned into paper, and the extracted lignin is used as a binder in particleboard, adhesive for linoleum, and raw material for processing into chemicals (such as DMSO and vanillin). The type of lignin (such as lignosulfonates and kraft lignins) used in industry depends upon the method that was used to extract it.

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The Sappi paper mill in South Africa uses an extraction method that yields the calcium lignosulphanate used in dust suppression and road surfacing. This lignin is also called ?dirt glue? as it binds earth and clay surfaces.

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The surface to be hardened is first cleaned and scarified. A 25% lignin solution is sprayed onto the surface with a standard water sprayer and rollers then compact the surface.

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Because lignin is water soluble, a 6% maintenance solution is applied two or three times a year. Sappi used to pump it out to sea over the Aliwall Shoal. Now, however, its use as a dust suppressant and surfacing compound is growing because it is relatively simple and inexpensive .

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[[Image:Lignin.jpg|thumb|500px|These photos show three big phases of the formation of a conductive vessel.

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Note the shape of the nucleus (N) and of the nucleolus (n), which occupy the totality of the surface of the cell. It is an undifferentiated cell or meristematic (Procambium tissue). In the nucleus, note the presence of white corpuscles. If this tissue is treated with the auxine (AIA), differentiation begins. The black arrow indicates the beginning of clarification around a globule. This clarification will eventually become a totally degraded zone (Dz). The process of general degradation of the nucleus and the cytoplasm continues until the appearance of a vessel (V) , type Helicoidal (Sp). In this process, it is so possible that molecules stemming from the degradation of the ADN or the ARN are incorporated into the formation of the lignin.]]

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Chemical compound: A chemical compound is a chemical substance formed from two or more elements, with a fixed ratio determining the composition. For example, dihydrogen monoxide (water, ) is a compound composed of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom....

Cell wall: A cell wall is a more or less solid layer surrounding a cell. They are found in bacteria, archea, fungi, plants, and algae. Animals and most other protists have cell membranes without surrounding cell walls. When a cell wall is removed using cell wall degrading enzymes, what is left of the cell and ...

Plant: Land plants (embryophytes)Non-vascular plants (bryophytes)Hepaticophyta - liverwortsAnthocerotophyta - hornwortsBryophyta - mossesVascular plants (tracheophytes)Lycopodiophyta - clubmossesEquisetophyta - horsetailsPteridophyta - "true" fernsPsilotophyta - whisk fernsOphioglossophyta - adderstonguesS...