Le Morte d'Arthur

Le Morte d'Arthur (The Death of Arthur)—the title is actually spelled as Le Morte Darthur in the first printing and also in some modern editions—is Sir Thomas Malory's compilation of some French and English Arthurian romances. It was first published in 1485 by William Caxton. Le Morte d'Arthur has become the base story of many modern Arthurian stories, including T. H. White's The Once and Future King.

About the text

Malory likely started work on it while he was in prison in the early 1450s and completed it by 1470. William Caxton may have named it Le Morte Darthur instead of Malory's original title: The hoole booke of kyng Arthur & of his noble knyghtes of the rounde table. Many modern editions update the spelling and some of the pronouns from Malory's original Early Modern English, repunctuate and reparagraph, but otherwise leave the text as it was written.

Related Topics:
1450s - 1470 - Early Modern English

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Caxton was also responsible for separating it into 21 books comprised of 507 chapters for easier reading. Yet it is apparent that Malory intended the work to be divided principally into eight tales:

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

• The birth and rise of Arthur
• King Arthur's war against the Romans
• Launcelot
• Gareth (brother of Gawain)
• Tristram and Isolde
• The Quest of the Holy Grail
• The affair between Launcelot and Guinevere
• The breaking of the Knights of the Round Table and the death of Arthur

Most of the events in the book take place in Britain and France in the latter half of the 5th century. In some parts it ventures farther afield, to Rome and to Sarras (near Babylon), and recalls Biblical tales from the ancient Middle East.

Related Topics:
Britain - France - 5th century - Rome - Sarras - Babylon - Biblical - Middle East

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

All editions prior to 1934 were based on the edition printed by Caxton. However, in 1934, when the library of Winchester College was being catalogued, a previously unknown manuscript copy was discovered—one of the most important new medieval manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century. The Winchester manuscript is regarded as being mostly but not always closer to Malory's original than is Caxton's text, although both derive separately from an earlier copy. Curiously, microscopic examination of ink smudges on the Winchester manuscript showed the marks to be offsets of newly printed pages set in Caxton's own font indicating that same manuscript had been in Caxton's print shop. But Caxton used some other manuscript for his base text. Unlike the Caxton edition, the Winchester MS is not divided into books and chapters and indeed, in his preface, Caxton takes credit for the division.

Related Topics:
Winchester College - Manuscript

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Eugène Vinaver in his edition to the Winchester Manuscript urged strongly that Malory had in fact not written a single book, but had produced a series of intentionally independent Arthurian tales that were not necessarily intended to cohere with one another, whence Vinaver called his edition The Works of Sir Thomas Malory. This theory explained discrepancies between the different sections which had bothered commentators. But opposition critics pointed out that discrepancies still existed within the tales that Vinaver claimed were independent works and that Malory, particularly in his later tales, added links to his own versions of events in earlier tales, especially in the last two tales. That showed that Malory felt that the tales should cohere, even if Malory did not get to the point of producing a revision that achieved that goal. Even Vinaver treated the last two of his tales as intended to be read together.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The discussion tended to get bogged down into debate on the meaning of unity and what book should be along with accusations that Vinaver's own divisions in his edition ignored the divisions actually indicated in the manuscript. In fact, readers of Malory do mostly continue to read what Malory wrote as a single work comprising several tales and tales within those tales, and which also contains a number of contradictions between different parts of this supposed whole work which are balanced or surpassed by the links between different parts of this supposed whole work.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~