Laudanum

Laudanum is an alcoholic tincture of opium, sometimes sweetened with sugar and also called wine of opium.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the 16th century, a Swiss physician named Paracelsus (1493–1541) experimented with the medical value of opium. He decided that its medical (analgesic) value was of such magnitude that he called it Laudanum, from the Latin laudare, to praise, or from labdanum, the term for a plant extract. He did not know of its addictive properties.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the 19th century, laudanum was used in many patent medicines to "relieve pain... to produce sleep... to allay irritation... to check excessive secretions... to support the system... as a sudorific". The lack of any genuine treatments meant that opium derivatives were one of the few substances that had any effect, and so laudanum was prescribed for ailments from colds to meningitis to cardiac diseases, in both adults and children.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The Romantic and Victorian eras were marked by the widespread use of laudanum in England, Europe and the United States. Initially a working class drug, laudanum was cheaper than a bottle of gin or wine, because it was treated as a medication for legal purposes, not taxed as an alcoholic beverage. Notable addicted literary figures include: Coleridge, who miserably battled his addiction for much of his adult life; de Quincey; Byron; Shelley, who suffered raging laudanum-induced hallucinations; Dickens; Lewis Carroll and Baudelaire. There were also political figures (Wilberforce, Meriwether Lewis) who used the drug.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Innumerable Victorian women were prescribed the drug for relief of menstrual cramps and vague aches, and used it to achieve the pallid complexion associated with tuberculosis (frailty and paleness were prized in females at the time). Nurses spoon-fed laudanum to infants, many of whom mysteriously died from overdoses.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The character of Oscar Hopkins in Peter Carey's novel Oscar and Lucinda (1988) uses laudanum (initially under duress) to dull his hydrophobia during his expedition from Sydney. Additionally, Mary Shelly's character Victor Frankenstein (1831) uses laudanum to help him sleep after the death of his friend, Henry Clerval.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Laudanum also features in historical fiction. In the Aubrey-Maturin series of novels (which starts with Master and Commander), the ship's surgeon, Stephen Maturin, both uses the drug professionally and battles his own addiction to it.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Laudanum is still available by prescription in the United States. Laudanum is classified as a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act. Its most common formulation is known as 'deodorized tincture of opium,' and is manufactured in the United States by Ranbaxy Pharmaceuticals. The only medically-approved uses for laudanum in the United States are for treating diarrhea and pain. Laudanum (deodorized opium tincture) contains the equivalent of 10 milligrams of morphine per milliliter. By contrast, laudanum's weaker cousin, paregoric, is 1/25th the strength of laudanum, containing only 0.4 milligrams of morphine per milliliter.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

See also: Paregoric.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Alcohol: In general usage, alcohol (from Arabic al-khwl الكحول, or al-ghawl الغول) refers almost always to ethanol, also known as grain alcohol, and often to any beverage that contains ethanol (see alcoholic beverage). This sense underlies the...

Tincture: :This article is about alcoholic liquids. For the colors used in a coat of arms, see tincture (heraldry)....

Opium: Opium is a narcotic drug which is obtained from the unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L. or the synonym paeoniflorum)....