Kangxi Emperor

The Kangxi Emperor (born Xuanye (??) May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was the third Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over all of China, from 1661 to 1722. He is known as one of the greatest Chinese emperors in history. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history.

Russia and the Mongols

At the same time, the Emperor was faced with the Russian advance from the north. The Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire fought along the Sahaliyan ula (Amur) Valley region in 1650s, which ended with a Manchu victory. The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in 1680s. After series of battles and negotiations, the two empires signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 giving China the Amur valley and fixing a border.

Related Topics:
Russian Empire - Sahaliyan ula - 1650s - 1680s - Treaty of Nerchinsk - 1689

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

At this time the Khalkha Mongols preserved their independence and only paid tribute to the Manchu Empire. A conflict between the Houses of Jasaghtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led another dispute between the Khalkha and the Zungar Mongols (Jüün Ghar) over influence over Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688 Galdan, the Dsungar chief, invaded and occupied the Khalkha homeland. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu crossed the Gobi Desert, sought help from the Qing Dynasty and, as a result, submitted to the Qing. In 1690, the Zungar and the Manchu Empire clashed at the battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, during which the Qing army was severely mauled by Galdan. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor himself led the campaign against the Zungars. The Western section of the Qing army crushed Galdan's army at the Battle of Dsuunmod and Galdan died in the next year. The Zungars continued to threaten China and invaded Tibet in 1717. They took Lhasa with an army 6,000 strong in response to the deposition of the Dalai Lama and his replacement with Lha-bzan Khan in 1706. They removed Lha-bzan from power and held the city for two years, destroying a Chinese army in 1718. Lhasa was not retaken until 1720.

Related Topics:
Khalkha - Jüün Ghar - Tibetan Buddhism - Galdan - Dsungar - Jebtsundamba Khutughtu - Gobi Desert - 1690 - Ulaan Butun - Inner Mongolia - 1696 - Dsuunmod - Tibet - 1717 - Lhasa - Dalai Lama - 1706 - Chinese - 1718 - 1720

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~