Irish Republicanism

Irish Republicanism is the nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a united independent republic.

Republicanism in Northern Ireland

1921 - 1966

In 1921, Ireland was partitioned. Most of the country became part of the independent Irish Free State. However, six out of the nine counties of Ulster, those with a safe loyalist majority and a substantial republican Catholic minority, remained part of the United Kingdom. This territory of Northern Ireland, as established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, had its own provincial government which was controlled for 50 years until 1972 by the conservative Ulster Unionist Party (UUP). The tendency to vote on sectarian lines and the proportions of each religious denomination ensured that there would never be a change of government. In local government, constituency boundaries were drawn to divide nationalist communities into two or even three constituencies and so weaken their effect (see Gerrymandering).

Related Topics:
Irish Free State - Ulster - Loyalist majority - United Kingdom - Northern Ireland - Government of Ireland Act 1920 - Provincial government - Ulster Unionist Party - Sectarian - Gerrymandering

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The Catholic population in Northern Ireland, besides feeling politically alienated, was also economically alienated, often with worse living standards compared to their Protestant neighbours, with fewer job opportunities and living in ghettos in Belfast, Derry, Armagh and other places. Most Catholics considered the Unionist government was undemocratic, bigoted and favoured Protestants. Emigration for economic reasons kept the nationalist population from growing, despite its higher birth rate.

Related Topics:
Belfast - Derry - Armagh

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During the 1930s the IRA launched minor attacks against the Unionist Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and British army in Northern Ireland. The IRA began another armed campaign against Britain in 1939. During World War II the IRA leadership hoped for support from Germany, and chief of staff Seán Russell travelled there in 1940; he died later that year after falling ill on a U-boat that was bringing him back to Ireland. Suspected republicans were interned on both sides of the border, for different reasons.

Related Topics:
Royal Ulster Constabulary - British army - World War II - Seán Russell

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The Border Campaign in the mid-50s was the last attempt at traditional military action and was an abject failure. The Movement needed to reconsider its strategy.

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1966 - 1969

In the late 1960's, Irish political activists groups found parallels with their struggle against religious discrimination in the civil rights campaign of Afro-Americans the U.S. against racial discrimination. Student leaders such a Bernadette Devlin and Nationalist politicians such as Austin Currie tried to use non-violent direct action to draw attention to the blatant discrimination. By 1968, Europe as a whole was engulfed in a struggle between radicalism and coservativism. In Sinn Féin, the same debate raged. The dominant analysis was that Protestant Irishmen and women would never be bombed into a united Ireland. The only way forward was to have both sides embrace socialism and forget their sectarian hatreds. They resolved to no longer to be drawn into inter-communal violence.

Related Topics:
Civil rights - Afro-American - U.S. - Bernadette Devlin - Austin Currie - Non-violent direct action - 1968 - United Ireland - Socialism

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As a response to the civil rights campaign militant loyalist paramilitary groups started to emerge in the Protestant community. The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was the first. The UVF had originally existed among loyalist Ulster Protestants before World War I to oppose Home Rule, but was absorbed into the Ulster Special Constabulary after 1921. In the 1960's it was relaunched by militant loyalists, encouraged by certain politicians, to oppose any attempt to reunite Northern Ireland with the Republic of Ireland, which is how they saw any change in their status vis-a-vis Catholics.

Related Topics:
Militant - Paramilitary - Ulster Volunteer Force - Loyalist - Ulster - World War I - Home Rule - Ulster Special Constabulary - Republic of Ireland

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By mid 1969 the violence in Northern Ireland exploded. Consistent with their new political ideology, the IRA declined to intervene. By late August, the British government had to intervene and declare a state of emergency, sending a large number of troops into Northern Ireland to stop the intercommunal violence. This made British forces at first popular with Catholic residents. However, the British Army's mandate was to "aid the civil power": they appeared to have little concept of how one-sided that civil power was, or how unlike the (say) Surrey Constabulary was the Royal Ulster Constabulary.

Related Topics:
1969 - State of emergency - Royal Ulster Constabulary

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1970 - 1985

Divisions began to emerge in the Republican movement between leftists and conservatives. The leader of the IRA, Cathal Goulding believed that the IRA could not beat the British with military tactics and should turn into a workers' revolutionary movement that would overthrow both governments to achieve a 32-county socialist republic through the will of the people (after WWII the IRA no longer engaged in any actions against the Republic). Goulding also drove the IRA into an ideologically Marxist-Leninist direction which attracted idealistic young supporters in the Republic, but alienated and angered many of the IRA's core supporters in the North. In particular, his decision to regard the UVF as deluded rather than as the enemy, was anathema to traditionalists and those who were its potential victims.

Related Topics:
Cathal Goulding - Marxist-Leninist

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The argument led to a split in 1970, between the Official IRA (supporters of Goulding's Marxist line) and the Provisional IRA (also called Provos, traditional nationalist republicans). The Provos were led by Seán Mac Stiofáin and immediately began a large scale campaign against the unionist paramilitaries and British forces in Northern Ireland, while the Official IRA also initially maintained an armed campaign. In 1972, the Official IRA declared a cease-fire, which, apart from feuds with other republican groups, has been maintained to date. Nowadays the term 'Irish Republican Army' almost always denotes the Provisional IRA.

Related Topics:
Official IRA - Provisional IRA - Seán Mac Stiofáin

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Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the conflict continued claiming thousands of lives, with the UVF (and other loyalist groups) extending attacks into the Republic of Ireland and the IRA launching attacks on targets in England. However some things slowly began to change. In the 1980's Provisional Sinn Féin (the Provisional IRA's political wing) began contesting elections and by the mid 1990's was representing the republican position at peace negotiations. In the loyalist movement splits occurred, the Ulster Unionist Party made tentative attempts to reform itself and attract Catholics into supporting the union with Britain, while the radical Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) led by Rev. Ian Paisley began attracting working class Protestant loyalists who felt alienated by the UUP's overtures towards Catholics.

Related Topics:
England - Britain - Democratic Unionist Party - Rev. Ian Paisley

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1986 - 2005

At the 1986 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis a motion declaring the end of the policy of abstentionism (refusing to take seats in the Republic of Ireland's parliament) was passed. This motion caused a split in the movement creating Republican Sinn Fein, a party committed to the 1970s Provisional Sinn Fein vision of a federal republic. It was led by former Sinn Féin President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh (who had previously led Provisional Sinn Féin to split from the Officials). The policy of participation in Dáil elections became known as "the Armalite and the ballot box".

Related Topics:
1986 - Ard Fheis - Abstentionism - Republican Sinn Fein - Ruairí Ó Brádaigh - Armalite

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In 1994 the leaders of Northern Ireland's two largest nationalist parties, Gerry Adams, the leader of Sinn Féin and John Hume, the leader of the SDLP (Irish Social-Democratic Labour Party) entered into peace negotiations with Unionist leaders like David Trimble of the UUP and the British government. At the table most of the paramilitary groups (including the IRA and UVF) had representatives. In 1998 when the IRA endorsed the Good Friday Agreement between nationalist and unionist parties and both governments, another small group split from the Provisional IRA to form the Real IRA (RIRA). The Continuity and Real IRA have both engaged in attacks not only against the British and loyalists, but even against their fellow nationalists (members of Sinn Féin, the SDLP and IRA).

Related Topics:
Gerry Adams - John Hume - SDLP - David Trimble - Good Friday Agreement - Real IRA

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Since 1998, the IRA and UVF have adhered to a ceasefire. However on the loyalist side the UDA and radical splinter groups that left the UVF after it endorsed the Good Friday Agreement (like the Ulster Loyalist Front - ULF) have continued attacking Catholics and each other.

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Today the republican movement can be divided into moderates who wish to reunite with the Republic through peaceful means and radicals who wish to continue an armed campaign.

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In late July 2005, the Provisional IRA announced that the war was over and that their weapons were to be put out of use.

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