International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages.

Diacritics

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Sub-diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, i.e. {{IPA|??}}. The dotless i, , is used when the dot would interfere with the diacritic.

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Notes:

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• Some linguists restrict this breathy-voice diacritic to sonorants, and transcribe obstruants as {{IPA|b?}}.
• With aspirated voiced consonants, the aspiration is also voiced. Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice.

The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed with diacritics. A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis phonation are:

Related Topics:
Glottis - Phonation

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:{{IPA|}} (voiceless)

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:{{IPA|}} (breathy voice, also called murmured)

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:{{IPA|}} (slack voice)

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:{{IPA|}} (modal voice)

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:{{IPA|}} (stiff voice)

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:{{IPA|}} (creaky voice)

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:{{IPA|}} (glottal closure).

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Extended IPA diacritics

Some of these are occasionally used for non-disordered speech.

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