International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages.

Affricates and double articulation

Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar either above or below the symbols, or optionally by a ligature for the six commonest affricates, though this is no longer official IPA usage, due to the great number of ligatures that would be required to represent all affricates this way. A third method sometimes seen is to use the superscript notation for a fricative release, such as {{IPA|t?}} for {{IPA|t?s}}, paralleling {{IPA|k?}} ~ {{IPA|k?x}}. In former editions of the IPA, the palatal plosives {{IPA|c ?}} were often used as a convenience for {{IPA|}}, and this is still sometimes seen.

Related Topics:
Affricate - Doubly articulated

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Note:

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• If your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, these incorrectly formed character combinations may look better due to a bug in that typeface: {{IPA|ts?, t??, t??, dz?, d??, d??, kp?, gb?, ?m?}}.