Integrated circuit

An integrated circuit (IC) is a thin chip consisting of at least two interconnected semiconductor devices, mainly transistors, as well as passive components like resistors. As of 2004, typical chips are of size 1 cm2 or smaller, and contain millions of interconnected devices, but larger ones exist as well.

References

Popular:

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• Reid, T.R. (2001; updated edition). The Chip : How Two Americans Invented the Microchip and Launched a Revolution. Random House Trade Paperbacks. 320 pp. ISBN 0375758283.

Academic:

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• Mead, C. and Conway, L. (1980). Introduction to VLSI Systems. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-04358-0.
• Kang, S. and Leblebici, Y. (2002). CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits Analysis & Design. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0072460539.
• Weste, Neil H.E. and Harris, David (2004). CMOS VLSI Design : A Circuits and Systems Perspective. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0321149017.
• Hodges, D.A., Jackson H.G. and Saleh, R. (2003). Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0072283653.
• Uyemura, John P. (2001). Introduction to VLSI Circuits and Systems. Wiley. ISBN 0471127043.

Patents:

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• {{anb|Lehovec}} Kurt Lehovec's patent on the isolation p-n junction: US patent 3 029 366 awarded on April 10, 1962, filed April 22, 1959. Robert Noyce credits Lehovec in his article -- "Microelectronics", Scientific American, September 1977 Volume 23, Number 3, pp. 63-9.