Hysteresis

Hysteresis is a property of systems (usually physical systems) that do not instantly follow the forces applied to them, but react slowly, or do not return completely to their original state: that is, systems whose states depend on their immediate history. For instance, if you push on a piece of putty it will assume a new shape, and when you remove your hand it will not return to its original shape, or at least not immediately and not entirely. The term derives from an ancient Greek word meaning 'deficiency'. The phenomenon was identified, and the term coined, by Sir James Alfred Ewing in 1890.

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Hysteresis phenomena occur in magnetic and ferromagnetic materials, as well as in the elastic and electromagnetic behavior of materials, in which a lag occurs between the application and the removal of a force or field and its subsequent effect. Electric hysteresis occurs when applying a varying electric field, and elastic hysteresis occurs in response to a varying force.

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If the displacement of a system with hysteresis is plotted on a graph against the applied force, the resulting curve is in the form of a loop. In contrast, the curve for a system without hysteresis is a single, not necessarily straight, line. Although the hysteresis loop depends on the material's physical properties, there is no complete theoretical description that explains the phenomenon. The family of hysteresis loops, from the results of different applied varying voltages or forces, form a closed space in three dimensions, called the hysteroid.

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Hysteresis was initially seen only as a problem, but is now considered to be of great importance in technology, and the property is used for example when constructing permanent memory for computers.

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The term "hysteresis" is sometimes used in other fields, for example economics or biology. In such cases it describes a memory or lagging effect in which the order of previous events can influence the order of subsequent events.

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System: :For the Macintosh operating system, which was called System up to version 7.5.5, see Mac OS....

Physical: Antonyms:...

Putty: PuTTY is a free SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP client. It was originally available only for Windows, but is now also available on various Unix platforms, with work-in-progress ports to Classic Mac OS and Mac OS X. Other people have contributed unofficial ports to other platforms, such as Symbian ...