Hiroshima

The city of Hiroshima (???; -shi) is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chugoku region of western Honshu, the largest of Japan's islands. Geographical location {{coor dms|34|23|07|N|132|27|19|E|}} (City Hall). It is best known throughout the world as the first city in history subjected to nuclear warfare.

History

Hiroshima was founded in 1589, on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, and became a major urban center during the Meiji period. The city is located on the broad, flat delta of the Ota River, which has 7 channel outlets dividing the city into six islands which project into Hiroshima Bay. The city is almost entirely flat and only slightly above sea level; to the northwest and northeast of the city, some hills rise to 700 feet.

Related Topics:
1589 - Seto Inland Sea - Meiji period

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Hiroshima was founded by Mori Motonari as his capital. About a half century later, after the Battle of Sekigahara, his grandson and the leader of the West Army Mori Terumoto was on the losing side. The winner Tokugawa Ieyasu deprived Mori Terumoto of most of his fiefs including Hiroshima and gave Aki province to another daimyo who had supported him.

Related Topics:
Mori Motonari - Battle of Sekigahara - Mori Terumoto - Tokugawa Ieyasu - Aki province

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Finally Asano was appointed the daimyo of this area and Hiroshima served as the capital of Hiroshima han during the Edo period. After the han was abolished the city became the capital of Hiroshima prefecture.

Related Topics:
Han - Edo period - Hiroshima prefecture

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

During the First Sino-Japanese War, Hiroshima emerged as a major supply and logistics base for the Japanese military, a role that it continued to play during World War II.

Related Topics:
First Sino-Japanese War - Logistics - World War II

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Atomic Bombing

The nuclear weapon Little Boy, which killed an estimated 80,000 civilians and heavily damaged the city, was the second such device to be detonated, and the first ever used in military action. The American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki are commonly believed to be the major factor leading to the surrender of the Japanese government six days after the latter attack. However, at the time the atomic bombs were dropped, the Japanese position was extremely weak and defeat was considered inevitable by some historians even without the use of the atomic bombs. In fact, according to this article, at least one historian conjectures that the use of the atomic bombs was completely unnecessary. Others propose that with Soviet forces massing in Manchuria, dwindling resources, and America's total control of the western Pacific, Japanese defeat was only a matter of time, but the atomic bombs had clearly hastened the decision to surrender. However, Japanese soldiers had proven a willingness to fight to the death, refuse surrender, and an invasion of the Japanese mainland would have surely killed more soldiers and civilians than the atomic bombs, according to U.S. plans for the invasion.

Related Topics:
Nuclear weapon - Little Boy - Civilians - Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

After the nuclear attack, Hiroshima was rebuilt as a ?peace memorial city?, and the closest surviving building to the location of the bomb's detonation was designated the Hiroshima Peace Memorial. The city government continues to advocate for the abolition of nuclear weapons, writing a letter of protest every time a nuclear weapon has been detonated anywhere in the world since 1968, and has advocated more broadly for world peace.

Related Topics:
Hiroshima Peace Memorial - Nuclear weapon

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

After the war

Hiroshima was rebuilt after the war, with new modern buildings rising all over the city. Several civic leaders and scholars were consulted about the rebuilding plan. In 1949, Hiroshima was proclaimed a City of Peace by the Japanese parliament, at the initiative of its mayor Shinzo Hamai (b. 1905-d. 1968). As a result, the city of Hiroshima was receiving more international attention as a desirable location for holding international conferences on peace as well as social issues. As part of that effort, the Hiroshima Interpreters' and Guide's Association (HIGA) was established in 1992 in order to facilitate translation services for conferences, and the Hiroshima Peace Institute was established in 1998 within the Hiroshima University. In 1994, the City of Hiroshima hosted the Asian Games.

Related Topics:
1949 - Japan - Shinzo Hamai - 1905 - 1968 - 1992 - 1998 - Hiroshima University - 1994 - Asian Games

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Also, as a result of the atomic bombing, Hiroshima began to receive donations of streetcars from all over Japan. (After World War II, Japanese cities - like British ones - were anxious to get rid of their streetcar systems due to damage to the infrastructure, and so there were plenty of streetcars available to give away.) Hiroshima thus rebuilt its streetcar system along with the rest of the city, and thus Hiroshima is the only city in Japan with an extensive streetcar system (although other cities have streetcar lines). Some streetcars that survived the war - and the nuclear attack - were put back into service, and four of these are still running today. For the most part, however, Hiroshima has updated its streetcars over the years.

Related Topics:
Streetcar - Infrastructure

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Tens of thousands of people marked the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing of the city on August 6, 1985.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~