Hermann Bondi

Professor Sir Hermann Bondi, KCB , FRS (1 November 1919–10 September 2005) was a British (formerly Austrian) mathematician and cosmologist. He is best known for developing the steady-state theory of the universe with Fred Hoyle and Thomas Gold as an alternative to the Big Bang theory, but his most lasting legacy will probably be his important contributions to the theory of general relativity.

Related Topics:
Professor - Sir - KCB - FRS - 1 November - 1919 - 10 September - 2005 - British - Austrian - Mathematician - Cosmologist - Steady-state theory - Fred Hoyle - Thomas Gold - Big Bang - General relativity

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Bondi was born in Austria, the son of a medical doctor. He was brought up in Vienna, where he studied at the Realgymnasium. He showed early prodigious ability at mathematics, and was recommended to Sir Arthur Eddington by Abraham Frankel. Frankel was a distant relation, the only mathematician in the extended family, and Hermann's mother had the foresight to engineer a meeting between her young son and the famous man, knowing that this might be the key to enabling him to follow his wishes and become a mathematician himself. Eddington encouraged him to travel to England to study at Trinity College, Cambridge. He arrived in Cambridge in 1937, escaping from anti-semitism in Austria. Realising the perilous position of his parents in 1938, shortly before the Anschluss, he sent them a telegram telling them to leave Austria at once. They managed to reach Switzerland, and later settled in New York.

Related Topics:
Austria - Vienna - Realgymnasium - Sir Arthur Eddington - Abraham Frankel - England - Trinity College - Cambridge - Cambridge - 1937 - Anti-semitism - Anschluss - Telegram - Switzerland - New York

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In the early years of World War II, he was interned on the Isle of Man and in Canada as an enemy alien. Other internees included Thomas Gold and Max Perutz. Bondi and Gold had been released by the end of 1941, and worked with Fred Hoyle on radar at the Admiralty Signals Establishment. He became a British subject in 1946.

Related Topics:
World War II - Interned - Isle of Man - Canada - Enemy alien - Thomas Gold - Max Perutz - Fred Hoyle - Radar

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Bondi lectured in mathematics at the University of Cambridge from 1945 to 1954.

Related Topics:
University of Cambridge - 1945 - 1954

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In 1948, Bondi, Hoyle and Gold formulated the steady-state theory, which holds that the universe is contantly expanding but matter is constantly created to form new stars and galaxies to maintain a constant average density. It is probably fair to say that this theory dominated over the rival Big Bang theory until the discovery of the cosmic background radiation caused a sudden change in fortune.

Related Topics:
1948 - Steady-state theory - Cosmic background radiation

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Bondi was a major contributor to the Golden Age of General Relativity (roughly 1960-1975). He was one of the first to correctly appreciate the nature of gravitational radiation, introducing Bondi radiation coordinates and the notion of Bondi mass, and writing influential review articles. He popularized the sticky bead argument (said to be originally due, anonymously, to Richard Feynman) for the claim that physically meaningful gravitational radiation is indeed predicted by general relativity, an assertion which was controversial up until about 1955. He codiscovered an important family of exact dust solutions now called the LTB dust (Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi dust). Bondi also contributed to the theory of accretion of matter from a cloud of gas onto a star or a black hole, working with Raymond Lyttleton and giving his name to "Bondi accretion" and the "Bondi radius".

Related Topics:
Golden Age of General Relativity - Gravitational radiation - Bondi radiation coordinates - Bondi mass - Sticky bead argument - Richard Feynman - Dust solution - LTB dust - Accretion - Star - Black hole - Raymond Lyttleton - Bondi accretion - Bondi radius

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He became a professor at King's College, London in 1954, and was given the title of Emeritus Professor there in 1985. He was secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1956 to 1964.

Related Topics:
King's College, London - 1954 - Emeritus Professor - 1985 - Royal Astronomical Society

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Bondi was also active outside the confines of academic lecturing and research. He held many positions:

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• Director-General of the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO)(1967–1971) (which later became the European Space Agency, ESA)
• Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence (1971-1977)
• Chief Scientific Adviser to the Department of Energy (1977–1980)
• Chairman of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (1980–1984)
• President of the Society for Research into Higher Education (1981–1997)
• President of the Hydrographic Society (1985–1987)
• Master of Churchill College, Cambridge (1983–1990).

He became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1959 and was appointed a Knight Commander of the Bath in 1973. He was awarded the Einstein Society Gold Medal in 1983, the Gold Medal of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications in 1988, the G.D. Birla International Award for Humanism, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 2001.

Related Topics:
Royal Society - 1959 - Knight Commander of the Bath - 1973 - Einstein Society Gold Medal - Institute of Mathematics and its Applications - G.D. Birla International Award for Humanism - Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society - 2001

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His report into the flooding of London in 1953 lead eventually to the building of the Thames Barrier. He also supported the proposal for a Severn barrage to generate electricity, but this project was not carried forward.

Related Topics:
London - Thames Barrier - Severn barrage

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His papers from 1940 to 2000 are archived in 109 archive boxes by the Janus Project in Cambridge.

Related Topics:
Janus Project - Cambridge

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His parents were Jewish, but he never "felt the need for religion". He was president of the British Humanist Association from 1982 to 1999, and president of the Rationalist Press Association from 1982.

Related Topics:
Jewish - British Humanist Association - Rationalist Press Association

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He married his wife, Christine, in 1947; she had been one of Hoyle's research students. Together, they had two sons and three daughters. He died in Cambridge.

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Hermann Bondi: See also ►