François, Duke of Anjou

Hercule François, Duke of Anjou and Alençon, (March 18, 1555 – June 19, 1584) was the youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.

Related Topics:
Alençon - March 18 - 1555 - June 19 - 1584 - Henry II of France - Catherine de' Medici

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An attractive child, he was unfortunately scarred by smallpox at age eight, and his pitted face and slightly deformed spine did not suit his august birth name of "Hercules". He changed his name to François in honour of his brother François II of France when he was confirmed.

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In 1574, following the death of his brother Charles IX of France and the accession of his other brother Henry III of France, he became heir to the throne. In 1576 he was made Duke of Anjou, Touraine, and Berry in succession to his brother Henry.

Related Topics:
1574 - Charles IX of France - Henry III of France - 1576 - Duke of Anjou - Touraine - Berry

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In 1576 he negotiated the Peace of Beaulieu during the French Wars of Religion. In 1579 he was invited by William the Silent to become hereditary sovereign to the United Provinces. On 29 September 1580, the Dutch Staten Generaal (with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) signed the Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours with the Duke, who would assume the title "Protector of the Liberty of the Netherlands" and become the sovereign.

Related Topics:
1576 - Peace of Beaulieu - French Wars of Religion - 1579 - William the Silent - United Provinces - 29 September - 1580 - Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours

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At the same time, in 1581, arrangements began to be made for his marriage to Elizabeth I of England. Alençon was in fact the only one of Elizabeth's many suitors to court her in person. He was twenty-six and Elizabeth was forty-seven. Despite the age gap, the two soon became very close, Elizabeth dubbing him her "frog". She planned to marry him, and would have, had the English people not been so adamantly opposed to the match. Crushed, Elizabeth bid her "frog" farewell, and Alençon continued on to the Netherlands. He did not arrive until 10 February 1582, when he was officially welcomed by William in Flushing.

Related Topics:
1581 - Elizabeth I of England - 10 February - 1582

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Alençon was not very popular with the Dutch, who continued to see the Catholic French as enemies; the provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William was widely critised for his "French politics". When Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the Duke of Parma feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand.

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However, Alençon himself was dissatisfied with his limited power, and decided to take the city of Antwerp by force on January 18, 1583. The citizens defended their city in what is known as the "French Fury". The position of Alençon after this attack became impossible to hold, and he eventually left the country in June. His leave also discredited William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Alençon.

Related Topics:
Antwerp - January 18 - 1583

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Alençon's premature death meant that the Huguenot Henry of Navarre became heir-presumptive, thus leading to an escalation in the Wars of Religion.

Related Topics:
Huguenot - Henry of Navarre

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