Folwark

A folwark was a giant agricultural farm functioning in Poland from the 14th century until 20th century, the goal of which was to produce surplus produce for export. The first folwarks were created on church- and monastery-owned grounds; later they were adopted both by noblemen (szlachta) and rich peasants (so?tys).

Related Topics:
Agricultural - Farm - Poland - 14th century - 20th century - Export - Church - Monastery - Szlachta - So?tys

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Creation of the folwarks was boosted by growing demand for grain and the profitability of its export, both to Western Europe and inside Poland. This in turn led to the creation of serfdom, when land owners discovered that instead of money-based rent and taxes it was more profitable to force the peasantry to work on folwarks. Folwark-based grain export was an important part of the economy of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Related Topics:
Grain - Western Europe - Serfdom - Money - Rent - Tax - Peasantry - Economy - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

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In Poland serfdom was regulated (and increased) by the Act of Piotrków and Act of Toru?. With the fall of agriculture goods prices in the end of 17th century, the folwark economy was in crisis, and szlachta attempts to increase production by increasing folwarks' area (usually by appropriating peasant lands) and labour (usually by increasing work demand for peasants) only compounded the economic crisis and further worsened the fate of the peasants, who had been, until then, no poorer than their average counterparts in Western Europe.

Related Topics:
Act of Piotrków - Act of Toru? - 17th century

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Until the end of the 18th century folwarks remained the basis for szlachta economic and political power. After the abolition of serfdom, folwarks used paid labor.

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Folwarks were abolished by the People's Republic of Poland with the PKWN decree of 6th September 1944 about agricultural reform. After the end of Second World War folwarks were nationalised (resulting in PGRs - state-owned folwarks, Polish Pa?stwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne) or partitioned, usually with no or little compensation to their owners.

Related Topics:
People's Republic of Poland - PKWN - 6th September - 1944 - Second World War - Nationalised - Pa?stwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne

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