Feminism


 

Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation. As a social movement, feminism largely focuses on limiting or eradicating gender inequality and promoting women's rights, interests, and issues in society.

Related Topics:
Social theories - Political movement - Gender inequality - Right - Society

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Within academia, some feminists focus on documenting gender inequality and changes in the social position and representation of women. Others argue that gender, and even sex, are social constructs, and research the construction of gender and sexuality, and develop alternate models for studying social relations.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Feminist political activism commonly campaign on issues such as reproductive rights, violence within a domestic partnership, maternity leave, equal pay, sexual harassment, discrimination, and sexual violence. Themes explored in feminism include patriarchy, stereotyping, objectification, sexual objectification, and oppression.

Related Topics:
Activism - Reproductive rights - Violence - Domestic partnership - Maternity leave - Equal pay - Sexual harassment - Discrimination - Sexual violence - Patriarchy - Stereotyping - Objectification - Sexual objectification - Oppression

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the 1960s and 1970s, feminism and feminist theory largely represented, and was concerned with, problems faced by Western, white, middle-class women while at the same time claiming to represent all women. Since that time, many feminist theorists have challenged the assumption that "women" constitute a homogenous group of individuals with identical interests. Feminist activists emerged from within diverse communities, and feminist theorists began to focus on the intersection between gender and sexuality with other social identities, such as race and class. Many feminists today argue that feminism is a grass-roots movement that seeks to cross boundaries based on social class, race, culture, and religion; is culturally specific and addresses issues relevant to the women of that society: for example female circumcision in Sudan, or the glass ceiling in developed economies; and debate the extent to which certain issues, such as rape, incest, and mothering, are universal.

Related Topics:
Grass-roots - Social class - Race - Culture - Religion - Society - Female circumcision - Sudan - Glass ceiling - Rape - Incest - Mothering

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

As it moves further into the new millenium, feminism continues to lobby for the rights of the marginalized and is beginning to found explicitly feminist political parties.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

 

~ Table of Content ~

Introduction
Origins
Feminism in many forms
Relationship to other movements
Effects of feminism in the West
Worldwide statistics
Perspective: the nature of the modern movement
Criticisms of feminism
Famous Feminists
See also
Books
External links

~ Community ~

History Forum
Come and discuss about History, Civilizations, Historical Events and Figures
History Web-Ring
A community of sites, blogs and forums dedicated to History. Do not hesitate to submit your site.

Latest news on feminism

Mark Belling called Gloria Steinem a "grizzled old bag," "old witch"

On the September 4 broadcast of The Mark Belling Late Afternoon Show, radio host Mark Belling called author, activist, and Ms. magazine co-founder Gloria Steinem a "grizzled old bag," and an "old witch." Belling made these remarks while discussing Steinem's September 4 Los Angeles Times op-ed, in which she criticized Sen. John McCain's choice of Gov. Sarah Palin as his vice-presidential running mate. Belling also asserted: "She [Steinem] was the cutting edge feminism. Feminists prior to her were the old bags, the previous generation prior to the [The Feminine Mystique author] Betty Friedans of the world, the women that were so ugly you couldn't stand to look at them. Here came Gloria Steinem wearing the mini skirts and dating the famous people and being the glamorous representation of what American feminism is. Well now Gloria Steinem is just nothing more than a 74-year-old, embittered, old has-been sitting out in Los Angeles." Belling's show is carried on News/Talk 1130 WISN-AM in Milwaukee, owned by Clear Channel Communications. Talkers magazine includes Belling in its "Heavy Hundred" list, which it describes as a list of the "100 most important radio talk show hosts in America." From September 4 broadcast of WISN's The Mark Belling Late Afternoon Show: BELLING: Guess who's weighing in on Sarah Palin. I couldn't be happier -- Gloria Steinem, grizzled old bag that she is. There was one point where Gloria Steinem was the future of the feminist movement in America. She created Ms. magazine, she invented it. She was the cutting edge feminism. Feminists prior to her were the old bags, the previous generation prior to the Betty Friedans of the world, the women that were so ugly you couldn't stand to look at them. Here came Gloria Steinem wearing the miniskirts and dating the famous people and being the glamorous representation of what American feminism is. Well, now Gloria Steinem is just nothing more than a 74-year-old, embittered, old has-been sitting out in Los Angeles. She watched Sarah Palin on TV and she's beside herself. Here's what the old witch has to write. Op-ed today's Los Angeles Times: "Here's the good news. Women have become so politically powerful that even the anti-feminist right wing, the folks with a headlock on the Republican Party, are trying to appease the gender gap with a first ever female vice president. We owe this to women and many men too who have picketed, gone on hunger strikes, or confronted violence at the polls so women can vote." OK, that's why this happened, because of the hunger strikes so women could vote. "We owe it to [former Rep.] Shirley Chisholm [D-NY], who first took the 'white-male-only' sign off the White House, and to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who hung in there through ridicule and misogyny to win 18 million votes. "But here is even better news. It won't work. This isn't the first time a boss has picked an unqualified woman just because she agrees with him and opposes everything most other women want and need."

Cavuto hosted "anti-feminist attorney" Den Hollander, who advocated "cut[ting] out the feminazi, feminist women's studies programs" at Columbia

On the August 20 edition of Fox News' Your World, host Neil Cavuto interviewed "anti-feminist attorney" Roy Den Hollander, who discussed his lawsuit against Columbia University for offering a women's studies program "but not a men's studies program." During the segment, after referring to the previous segment's guest, Fox Business Network host Dave Ramsey, who discussed the high costs of today's colleges and universities, Den Hollander said: "[C]ut out the feminazi, feminist women's studies programs and bring back varsity sports, and you're going to do a lot better for the university." Den Hollander also stated, "If a guy takes a women's studies course, what's going to happen to him? The girls in the class are basically going to walk all over them in their stiletto heels, which may not be too bad," and later said that women "are a suspect class. Every time they open their mouths, I begin to suspect something." As Media Matters for America has documented, Den Hollander is only the latest guest to make overtly sexist comments on Cavuto's program. Indeed, on the April 10 edition of Your World, Cavuto and Marc Rudov, radio host and author of The Man's No-Nonsense Guide to Women: How to Succeed in Romance on Planet Earth (MHR Enterprises, 2004) and Under the Clitoral Hood: How to Crank Her Engine Without Cash, Booze, or Jumper Cables (MHR Enterprises, 2007), discussed comments by Sir Elton John at an April 9 fundraiser for Sen. Hillary Clinton during which John stated that he was "amazed by the misogynistic attitudes of some of the people in this country." Rudov stated, "Hillary Clinton, who's living by the gender sword, is going to be dying by the gender sword. She sends in Elton John to do her hissing when she's having a catfight with America." Rudov further stated, "This is a gynocracy. ... The reason that Hillary is losing is because people don't like her. That's all it is." Fox News legal analyst and University of Washington associate professor of law Lis Wiehl responded: "It's the old thing, Marc, of if a woman is aggressive, then she's, again, the B-word. If a man is aggressive, he's just assertive and claiming his own." Rudov later said: "The woman is not called a B-word because she's assertive and aggressive; she's called a B-word because she acts like one." On his website, Den Hollander explains that the purpose of his lawsuit against Columbia University is "to find the Columbia University Women's Studies program unconstitutional for using government aid to preach the religious belief system 'Feminism' and for discriminating against men." Also on his website, Den Hollander describes the Violence Against Women Act as the "Female Fraud Act." From the August 20 edition of Fox News' Your World with Neil Cavuto: CAVUTO: All right, so are women's studies courses spreading prejudice and bigotry toward men? Well, my next guest thinks so -- so much so that he is suing Columbia University. He's anti-feminist attorney Roy Den Hollander. Why Columbia? DEN HOLLANDER: 'Cause I went there. I graduated there, and so that gives me standing. But going back to what your past guest said, cut out the feminazi, feminist women's studies programs and bring back varsity sports, and you're going to do a lot better for the university. CAVUTO: But what is Columbia doing that ticks you off? DEN HOLLANDER: Well, what Columbia is doing is it's presenting a women's studies program but not a men's studies program. So what the complaint charges is that women's studies is really -- which teaches feminism, they state that they're teaching feminism -- and so the teaching of feminism -- I'm arguing that feminism is a religion. Now, religion doesn't require a god. CAVUTO: And what have they told you? Where is this going? DEN HOLLANDER: Well, it hasn't -- it just started. I just filed the case, so -- CAVUTO: You want to cancel that course? DEN HOLLANDER: Well, it's appropriate -- CAVUTO: What if there's a sort of 'men-ism' course? You be OK with it? DEN HOLLANDER: No, it's a program. It's not just courses, you understand, it's a program -- CAVUTO: Oh, it's part of a whole mindset -- DEN HOLLANDER: It's a network situation. It's a way for girls to acquire jobs, it's a training [unintelligible] -- CAVUTO: We should say we tried to get a statement from Columbia on this, and we couldn't get one from them. But your point is that it's showing an inherent kind of a bias. DEN HOLLANDER: A definite bias. Because girls can benefit from women's studies, but guys aren't going to benefit. If a guy takes a women's studies course, what's going to happen to him? The girls in the class are gonna basically walk all over him in their stiletto heels, which may not be too bad -- CAVUTO: Stop, stop, stop. All right, so you're saying that it's unfair for women who, you know, for years and even up to now, have not earned as much or gotten ahead as much, to get a little bit more exposure in school, that's too bad? DEN HOLLANDER: That's not -- no, that's not -- what you're talking about is affirmative action. And what legally, that says that girls are a suspect class. And yes, they are a suspect class. Every time they open their mouths, I begin to suspect something. The point is -- CAVUTO: You have issues, don't you? DEN HOLLANDER: No, the point is, if you look at equal pay per unit of time, or equal pay, or pay per unit of risk, girls are making more than guys. CAVUTO: Are they really? DEN HOLLANDER: Girls control nearly 60 percent of the wealth in this country. And if you want to look at the real oppressors, you look at who lives longer, who -- on whom most of the health dollars are spent -- CAVUTO: Roy, you're angry. You're very angry. DEN HOLLANDER: -- and who eats more. Oh, absolutely. But only against the feminists. CAVUTO: All right. And Columbia. All right, Roy, thank you. I want to keep track of this, my friend. Thank you very much. DEN HOLLANDER: I'll keep you up to date. Thank you.

Discussing Obama, Limbaugh suggests Dems, media believe "you can't criticize the little black man-child"

On the August 20 broadcast of his nationally syndicated radio show, Rush Limbaugh asserted of attacks by Sen. John McCain against Sen. Barack Obama: "[S]ee, there are Democrats -- the drive-bys" -- a term Limbaugh uses to denote the national media -- "are just so upset with these so-called 'ferocious attacks.' These have been benign. Even the Britney Spears/Paris Hilton ad was funny. It was benign." He later added: "It's -- you know, it's just -- it's just we can't hit the girl. I don't care how far feminism's saying, you can't hit the girl, and you can't -- you can't criticize the little black man-child. You just can't do it, 'cause it's just not right, It's not fair. He's such a victim." Limbaugh previously claimed that "nobody criticizes [Sen.] Hillary [Clinton]. ... Well, you might say, 'No, Michelle Obama and Mrs. [Elizabeth] Edwards are out there criticizing her,' but, see, I finally figured this one out, too. You can't hit the girl. You just -- you can't hit the girl." He continued: "And for [former Democratic presidential candidate John] Edwards and Obama to go out there and criticize Hillary would -- she would -- she plays the victim better than anybody does, and she could make real hay out of that. So they've got their wives out there ripping her." From the August 20 broadcast of Premiere Radio Networks' The Rush Limbaugh Show: LIMBAUGH: Quickly, L.A. Times poll: "More striking, however, is the drop in Obama's favorable rating. Obama's favorable rating has slid from 59 percent to 48 percent since June. At the same time his negative rating has risen from 27 to 35 percent. The bulk of that shift stems from Republicans souring on Obama amid ferocious attacks on the Democrat by McCain and his allies." That's it -- see, there are Democrats -- the drive-bys are just so upset with these so-called "ferocious attacks." These have been benign. Even the Britney Spears/Paris Hilton ad was funny. It was benign. Obama's patriotism is not being attacked in an ad. McCain's just out there saying he's putting his own personal political ambition ahead of the country's. It's -- you know, it's just -- it's just we can't hit the girl. I don't care how far feminism's saying, you can't hit the girl, and you can't -- you can't criticize the little black man-child. You just can't do it, 'cause it's just not right. It's not fair. He's such a victim.

Despite "all my apologies" for bigoted comments, Corsi reportedly scheduled to appear on "pro-White" radio show

In an appearance on the August 13 edition of CNN's Larry King Live, after Media Matters for America Senior Fellow Paul Waldman noted that Jerome Corsi, author of The Obama Nation: Leftist Politics and the Cult of Personality, had "put up on right-wing Web sites a whole series of bigoted and hateful posts," Corsi replied that "you haven't mentioned all my apologies for those statements." But notwithstanding Corsi's apologies for his comments, Corsi is reportedly scheduled to appear with host James Edwards on the August 17 edition of The Political Cesspool Radio Show, which, according to its "Statement of Principles," "represent[s] a philosophy that is pro-White" and which "heartily endorse[s] and accept[s] as our own, the founding tenets of the Council of Conservative Citizens [CCC]." According to a Fall 2007 article in the Southern Poverty Law Center's Intelligence Report, " 'The Political Cesspool' in the past two years has become the primary radio nexus of hate in America." Corsi previously appeared on the July 20 edition of the show, in which he promoted The Obama Nation and criticized Sen. Barack Obama. The show's statement also asserts that "America would not be as prosperous, ruggedly individualistic, and a land of opportunity if the founding stock were not Europeans" and that "[w]e wish to revive the White birthrate above replacement level fertility and beyond to grow the percentage of Whites in the world relative to other races." It also states: "Secession is a right of all people and individuals. It was successful in 1776 and this show honors those who tried to make it successful in 1865." According to the statement, Political Cesspool is also "against feminism" and "against homosexuality." An August 14 post on Edwards' blog, titled "Hollywood promotes white genocide" and highlighted on the front page of the show's website, states: "One of the most popular movies right now is Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants: 2, which is being marketed directly to teenage girls. It's been out about a week and has already grossed almost $25 million dollars. What's it about? White girls having sex with non-whites. Which is white genocide." It later adds: "Interracial sex is white genocide." An August 13 post to Edwards' blog, headlined "Your chance to hear a real Holocaust survivor," states: "If you're anywhere near Alabama, and you want the chance to meet a real hero, mark August 26th on your calendar. That's the day David Irving, a survivor of the Jewish Holocaust against free speech, will be speaking at the Prattville Holiday Inn." In a February 20, 2006, article, BBC News reported that Irving, a British historian, had been "jailed by an Austrian court after pleading guilty to denying that the Holocaust took place." In addition, responding to a June 6 report by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) about Political Cesspool's return to the airwaves following a four-month hiatus, in a June 9 blog post, Edwards referred to the ADL as "America's most powerful hate group." Purporting to provide "a handy ADL-to-English dictionary" for his supporters to use while reading the ADL's article, Edwards wrote: White supremacist -- anybody who doesn't hate white people Anti-semite -- 1. any non Jewish white person; 2. everyone who's ever met [ADL chairman] Abe Foxman Extremist -- normal American Holocaust denier -- someone who asks questions about WW II the ADL doesn't want asked Neo-Nazi -- any white person who openly disagrees with a Jew Racist -- a white person Other statements found on Edwards' blog: In an August 11 post, Edwards wrote: "For blacks in the Americas, slavery is the greatest thing that ever happened to them. Unfortunately, it's the worst thing that ever happened to white Americans." In an August 6 post headlined "Jewish media reaches new heights," discussing a Slate.com article by "Jew Timothy Noah," Edwards wrote that the piece would "make sense once you understand that Jews are the ones who are always speaking in code; when they use words like 'racists', 'bigots', 'anti-semites', they simply mean white people." Similarly, in a July 9 post headlined "Great moments in Jewish journalism," Edwards referred to a column by The Washington Post's David S. Broder about former Sen. Jesse Helms as "another hatefilled Jewish attack piece." In a July 30 post, Edwards asked: "If the WNBA [Women's National Basketball Association] is so hell bent on diversity, why don't they hire a couple of heterosexual players or coaches?" In a June 6 post headlined "Does she hate Whitey?" Edwards wrote: "Michelle Obama, that is. Uh, yeah, I'm pretty sure she does. Just like her husband. Just like about 90% of blacks." CCC's principles, as printed on Political Cesspool''s website, are: 1. We believe the United States is a Christian country. 2. The United States is a sovereign and independent nation. 3. We believe the United States is a European country and that Americans are part of the European people. 4. The United States is a constitutional republic. 5. We believe in States' Rights, the Right to Keep and Bear Arms, and the Bill of Rights. 6. The traditional family is the basic unit of human society. 7. Private property and free enterprise are the foundations of our economy. 8. We must have cultural, national, and racial integrity. 9. A strong national defense is imperative. 10. Our nation needs an "America First" Foreign Policy. 11. Our nation needs "America First" Trade Policies. 12. Traditional education should remain under local control. 13. We advocate strong and just law enforcement. 14. English is the official language to be used in public discourse in America. 15. We believe in the protection of our environmental and natural heritage. For its part, the CCC says next to the "principle[]" quoted by Political Cesspool about the United States being a "European Country": "We also oppose all efforts to mix the races of mankind, to promote non-white races over the European-American people through so-called 'affirmative action' and similar measures, to destroy or denigrate the European-American heritage, including the heritage of the Southern people, and to force the integration of the races." Edwards spoke at the CCC 2008 national convention.

Schools 'should teach feminism in the classroom'

Girls should be taught feminism at school to stop them being disrespectful to each other, according to a leading academic.

Small room in cute free standing cottage in BEST NEIGHBORHOOD (lower haight) $665

First off, boys encouraged to apply. This room is for a year lease or a one month sublet. Please email me for more details about that, and which one you would be more interested in. I will edit this post as I get more details about which one its going to be. The room is available AUGUST FIRST The house is an amazing, free standing house in the heart of the Lower Haight area. Its close to pretty much any neighborhood you love in SF. Close to an abundance of public transportation as well. AKA the Perfect SF Location. A launderland is right across the street as well as a grocery store and a Delisio and a Wells Fargo ATM. Liquor stores and cafes abound in the neighborhood as well. The room is quite small, it is maybe 9x9 and has no closet. But great windows, and the house has a huge living room and a small closet for group storage. The house has great natural light upstairs. ONE bathroom, which has never been a problem, but no bathroom hogs allowed! The kitchen is small but very nice with a dishwasher, built in microwave, nice toaster oven and a garbage disposal. Downstairs is a little dark, but I'm working on that. Light paint and the right curtains work wonders. The living room downstairs is HUGE. So there is a lot of common space. You will be living with four other people. Cameron- part time musician/dj. Engineer day job, my oldest best friend. We've lived together in the past. Ashley- 22 year old recent graduate from Santa Cruz. Has a kick ass office-y type job that actually requires her to work weekend days. Loves to decorate and is into fashion and feminism. Brisa- 19 going on 25 Art student at Academy. Talented artist with a outgoing but not bubbly personality. I am the most important one to know, however, as I am the one who is going to become the MASTER TENANT come August 1st. My ideal roommate is my twin, basically. So here is me: 24, soon to be 25. I have a boyfriend, I am a vegetarian, I don't go out and party much. I would never bring the party home, although I'm not a homebody. 420 sometimes, beer is yummy as well. I have a good time, but I am not wild. I'm to old for that shit. I am a recent graduate from SF State, with a degree in Fashion Design. I have recently started a street fashion blog: fitandtied.blogspot.com I have a semi full-time job working clothing retail and I also have an internship with a local designer. I am super clean, always wash my dishes, wipe down the counter, change the toilet paper. Adult status. I am done with the college style living. I love to create and sew and I really really want to create a household that is cute and neat. I want to decorate and paint the walls and really create something out of this house. I have a great sense of humor, love to laugh at myself and am very laid back and easy to get along with. One of my bad points is that I can be too honest and blunt, I have been known to be tactless. But as I work clothing retail, I am very charming most of the time. If you asked one of my friends to describe me, I think my stand out qualities are that I am funny, creative and productive. Please write me back if you think you'd be a good fit, if you have any questions about the unusual situation, or any other questions. Please respond also with a bit about yourself. You know I'm going to be getting a bunch of emails, so make yourself stand out!! Tell me about what music you like, colors you like, your favorite garment, your favorite smell, food, and/or present. ANYTHING to give me a window onto your personality. Pictures, myspace links, websites. It all helps you! I seriously will not consider your email at all if it is short and says nothing about your personality. You should describe yourself at least as well as I described myself. Thanks for reading this long post!!

Best Robot Love Stories, From Wall-E to Weird Science

: When cute trash compactor Wall-E first lays eyes on Eve, a flying, laser-gun-equipped fembot, it's binary love at first pixel. Although Pixar Animation Studios' Wall-E takes inspiration from classic sci-fi films, the G-rated galactic adventure that hits theaters Friday is, at heart, an old-fashioned love story. It's the latest roboromance in a long line of on-screen infatuation involving at least one automated being. From Star Wars' classic brotherly droid love between R2-D2 and C-3PO to the computer-generated babe in Weird Science, here are some of the best and -- as with the cybersex hostage in Demon Seed -- worst roborelationships ever to hit the screen. Which unforgettable android affair did we leave out? Submit your faves in the comments below. Left: Wall-E Love-struck Wall-E does his best to wow Eve with his treasure-trove of relics from humanity's reign on Earth -- a Rubik's Cube, light bulbs and even a spork. Though separated by seven centuries of technological advances, Wall-E and Eve find common ground in the quest to save humanity. Sort of like HAL-9000 from 2001: A Space Odyssey, but with none of the killer instincts. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 4/5: This kid-friendly, sugary-sweet romance should warm even the coldest of metal hearts. : The Stepford Wives When Joanna Eberhart (played by Katharine Ross) moves to Stepford, Connecticut, she discovers a sinister secret about the perfectly coiffed, submissive female residents of the sleepy suburban town: They're all high-tech bots. In this 1975 thriller, the men of Stepford -- hoping to quell the early strains of feminism -- have all killed and replaced their wives with engineered robot replicas. Joanna's discovery comes just a moment too late, as she soon falls victim to the same fate at the hands of her husband. The film was updated in 2004 with a version starring Nicole Kidman, Bette Midler, Matthew Broderick and Christopher Walken, but the original won a spot on our list for the creepy atmosphere and genuinely disturbing premise at the heart of the story. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 1/5: As cool as the idea of bioengineered human replicas is, this home-wrecking thriller bottoms out in the creepy factor for being too Hans Reiser-y. : I.K.U. This Japanese surrealist sci-fi flick follows Reiko, a shape-shifting sexbot whose job entails racking up as many intimate experiences as possible. Her inner circuitry records each one-night stand, and a large corporation sells the virtual-reality romps from vending machines. It's not long before a rival company seeks to destroy Reiko's popular wares, but before that happens, viewers are treated to eyefuls of kinky, medium-core rolls in the hay ... and in spider webs ... and even in fish tanks. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 5/5: A shape-shifting fembot whose entire existence revolves around collecting "data" on orgasms? This fantasy pleasurebot rates high for having a one-track program compatible with any operating system. : Weird Science When Gary (played by Anthony Michael Hall) and Wyatt (Ilan Mitchell-Smith) use their computers to design the perfect woman, they never expect her to be more than an online fantasy. But thanks to an electrical storm, a Barbie doll and headgear fashioned out of bras, Lisa (Kelly LeBrock) is suddenly brought to life in their bedroom. Breakfast Club director John Hughes' 1985 nerd classic redefined the ideal geek girlfriend -- Einstein's IQ, a rock 'n' roll attitude and the ability to transform pesky older siblings into amphibian hybrids and materialize sports cars out of thin air. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 4.5/5: Even though Gary and Wyatt never actually get home-schooled in the birds and the bees, they receive high marks on our scale for scoring priceless life lessons. And, of course, the shower scene. : Cherry 2000 In this 1988 vision of a post-apocalyptic future, sex machines are all the rage, and lovebot Cherry 2000 (played by Pamela Gidley) is in high demand. Unfortunately, a romantic interlude too close to a malfunctioning dishwasher causes a model owned by wealthy businessman Sam Treadwell (David Andrews) to short out. Sam must travel into an intrepid no-man's land of outlaws to retrieve a replacement for his beloved android. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 2/5: This movie gets low marks since all that stood in the way of Sam's "happily ever after" with his sex droid was blatant violation of the most basic rule electronics -- avoiding contact with water. : Electric Dreams When San Francisco architect Miles Harding (played by Lenny von Dohlen purchases a personal supercomputer called Edgar to help him with a project, he takes home more than he bargained for. After a data overload and a spilled bottle of champagne bring the computer to life, the newly animated device becomes increasingly needy. As Harding ignores the feelings of his machine and pursues his cute next-door neighbor, Edgar (voiced by Harold and Maude's Bud Cort) grows more and more resentful, forming a bizarre love triangle with a disastrous end. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 2/5: All Edgar wanted was some love and attention. If Miles, or "Moles," would have worked on the relationship, he could have avoided the whole "pesky attempts on his life" fiasco. : Metropolis In Fritz Lang's 1927 epic silent drama, Earth is a paradise for the upper class of "thinkers," and hell for the working class. After Freder (played by Gustav Fröhlich), the upper-crust son of the city leader, falls for charismatic lower-class Maria (played by Brigitte Helm), he pursues her relentlessly only to discover that she's a robot, fabricated by a mad scientist intent on chaos. Luckily, the real Maria had been kidnapped, and eventually the two are reunited, helping resolve the inequities and injustice of the futuristic city of Metropolis. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 3/5: Although Maria didn't want a bot body double, it served as a great stand-in when an angry mob was hot on her trail. So even though there was technically no android affair, Maria's roboreplica did allow for an emotional reunion with her human counterpart's love interest. : Blade Runner Bounty hunter Rick Deckard (played by Harrison Ford) falls hard for a genetically engineered clone called Rachel in Ridley Scott's 1982 cyberpunk thriller. Although Deckard's primary mission is to assassinate rogue "replicants," he finds the charms of an experimental model (Sean Young) difficult to resist. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 5/5: Since all signs indicate that replicant assassin Deckard was likely a clone, too, Blade Runner gets points for cyborg-on-cyborg romance. : Star Wars George Lucas' iconic 1977 space opera introduces us to one of the best examples of brotherly love ever to hit the silver screen -- the comically codependent relationship between R2-D2 and C-3PO. The two droids are rarely apart, and help their owner, Luke Skywalker, with repairs, statistical information and etiquette (when they're not bickering like a couple that's been married for years). RoboLove Meter Reading ? 5/5: R2-D2 and C-3PO positively sparkle as they bring the original and most endearing bot "bromance" to the silver screen. : Saturn 3 Original Charlie's Angels sex symbol Farrah Fawcett plays Alex, the object of an android's affection, in this 1980 sci-fi film about a pair of scientists who have left an overpopulated Earth to live on one of Saturn's moons. After a deranged psychopath masquerading as a technocrat arrives at their colony with designs to build a super-intelligent, 8-foot-tall robot, things quickly spiral out of control. Once completed, Hector the robot begins a terrorized pursuit of Alex and will stop at nothing -- or no one -- to win her over. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 1/5: Hector's supposed to be a highly advanced automaton, but really, he just kills people. He loses major points for not being able to deduce that Alex is just not that into him. : Demon Seed Artificial-intelligence system Proteus IV has a unique molecular makeup that's equal parts microchips, RNA and psychopath psyche. After the system gains self-awareness, it becomes hell-bent on spreading its cyberseed, and imprisons unlucky Susan (played by Julie Christie) in order to do so. This tale of forced laboratory love begets one of the most unsettling images of an infant with an unfortunate gene pool since the demonic spawn in It's Alive. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 2/5: As cool as superadvanced artificial intelligence is, Demon Seed rates low on our scale for the whole hostage-and-rape story line. : Buffy the Vampire Slayer The fifth and sixth seasons of TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer featured an unusual cast addition: a roboreplica version of Buffy Summers, the vampire-slaying teen created by geek maestro Joss Whedon. Originally created at the request of bad-boy vampire Spike for use as a sex slave, the Buffybot gynoid is later put to use as a stand-in for the real Summers in battle and after her death. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 4/5: Billy Idol look-alike vampire Spike's got it bad for Buffy, and since he ultimately uses her robotwin for good, we rank this bot-nightwalker union high on our scale. : Battlestar Galactica Battlestar's chrome toasters show no love for humans, but the skinjob Cylons are a pack of intergalactic orgasmatrons. Their affinity for doing the robonasty with humans generated a lot of heat when the Sci Fi Channel's re-imagined series got off the ground, and Cylon sexpot Number Six (played by Tricia Helfer) makes such a strong physical and emotional connection with Gaius Baltar (James Callis) that the doctor just can't get her out of his head. RoboLove Meter Reading ? 5/5: Revelations about secret Cylons working (and boinking) among the colonists show just how natural human-skinjob love can be. Bonus points for what's been called the "glowing spines of Cylon Lurrrrrve."

Scotland's Feminism Archive To Be Given New Home

Glasgow's Women's Library and its collection charting the history of feminism is to be preserved in a new, dedicated Women's Archive at Glasgow's Mitchell Library.

How Clinton and Obama boosted feminism, civil rights

The primary contest helped both of the historical causes, though some tensions erupted.