Ernest Hemingway

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist and short story writer whose works, drawn from his wide range of experiences in World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II, are characterized by terse minimalism and understatement; they exerted a significant influence on the development of twentieth century fiction. Hemingway's protagonists are typically stoic male individuals, often interpreted as projections of his own character, who must master "grace under pressure". Many of his works, like The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms and The Old Man and the Sea, are now considered classics in the canon of American literature.

Notes

• {{note|ref1}} From Childhood at The Hemingway Resource Center.
• {{note|ref2}} Three different sources disagree on how long this habit of his mother's lasted. A note from a PBS lecture series states that it lasted for two years; Grauer claims she stopped when he was 6; Juan's analysis suggests that her treatment continued "well into his teens;" he also claims that at times she would attempt to liken Hemingway to his older sister Marcelline.
• {{note|ref3}} A large list of such anecdotes are compiled at the centennial commemoration page of the Kansas City Star.
• {{note|ref4}} Burgess, 1978, p. 24.
• {{note|ref5}} Ibid.
• {{note|ref6}} On August 10, 1943, Hemingway typed a letter to Archibald MacLeish discussing Pound's mental health and other literary matters.
• {{note|ref7}} In a conversation with John Peale Bishop, quoted in Hemingway, Cowley, ed, 1944, p. xiii.
• {{note|ref8}} Burgess, 1978, p. 57.
• {{note|ref9}} Ibid.
• {{note|ref10}} Information about these posthumous Hemingway works was taken from Charles Scribner, Jr.'s 1987 Preface to The Garden of Eden.
• {{note|ref11}} BookRags makes this quantitative note; it also reveals some more information about the publication of The Garden of Eden and offers some discussion of thematic content.
• {{note|ref12}} The Kent State University Press is the official source for this new novel's release.
• {{note|ref13}} See the University of North Dakota feature of editor Robert W. Lewis, for example.