Edward III of England

Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was one of the most successful English kings of medieval times. His fifty-year reign began when his father Edward II of England was deposed on 25 January 1327, and lasted until 1377. Among his immediate predecessors, only Henry III ruled as long, and it would be over 400 years before another monarch would occupy the throne for that duration. Edward's reign was marked by an expansion of English territory through wars in Scotland and France. Edward's parentage and his prodigious offspring provided the basis for two lengthy and significant events in British and European history, the Hundred Years' War and the Wars of the Roses, respectively.

Issue

The sons and the Wars of the Roses

The Wars of the Roses were a civil war over the throne of England fought among the descendants of King Edward III through his five surviving adult sons. Each branch of the family had competing claims through seniority, legitimacy, and/or the gender of their ancestors.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(1) Edward, the Black Prince (1330-1376), Duke of Cornwall, Prince of Wales

Related Topics:
Edward, the Black Prince - 1330 - 1376 - Duke of Cornwall - Prince of Wales

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The eldest son of Edward III predeceased his father and never became king. Edward's only surviving child was Richard II who ascended to the throne but produced no heirs. Richard II designated as his heir presumptive his cousin Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March, senior heir in female line, the grandson of Lionel of Antwerp, but this succession never took place as Richard II was eventually deposed and succeeded by another of Richard's cousins: Henry IV, "Bolingbroke", who was senior heir in male line.

Related Topics:
Richard II - Heir presumptive - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March - Henry IV

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(2) William (16 February 1335-8 July 1335), he was buried at the cathedral by York.

Related Topics:
16 February - 1335 - 8 July

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(3) Lionel of Antwerp (1338-1368), Duke of Clarence

Related Topics:
Lionel of Antwerp - 1338 - 1368 - Duke of Clarence

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Lionel also predeceased his father. Lionel's only child, Philippa, married into the powerful Mortimer family, which as noted above had exerted enormous influence during the reigns of Edward II and Edward III. Philippa's son Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March was the designated heir of Richard II (but predeceased him, leaving his young son Edmund as heir presumptive. Anne Mortimer, Edmund's eldest sister, Lionel of Antwerp's great-granddaughter, married Richard, Earl of Cambridge of the House of York, merging the Lionel/Mortimer line into the York line.

Related Topics:
Philippa - Mortimer - Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March - Edmund - Anne Mortimer - Richard, Earl of Cambridge

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(4) John of Gaunt (1340-1399), Duke of Lancaster.

Related Topics:
John of Gaunt - 1340 - 1399 - Duke of Lancaster

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

From John of Gaunt descended legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters (Henry IV, who deposed Richard II, and then Henry V and Henry VI). This line ended when Henry VI was successfully deposed by Edward IV, of the York faction, and Henry's son Edward was killed. The Lancaster Kings derived their ancestry also, through Blanche, wife of John Gaunt, from Edmund of Lancaster the Crouchback, who was son of Henry III of England - a legend without foundation was developed to claim that Edmund was elder than his brother Edward I but overpassed in succession of Henry III because of physical infirmity.

Related Topics:
Henry IV - Henry V - Henry VI - Edward IV - Edward - Henry III of England

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

John of Gaunt's illegitimate heirs were the Beauforts, his descendants through his mistress (later, his wife) Katherine Swynford; Gaunt's great-granddaughter Margaret Beaufort married into the House of Tudor, producing a single child who would become Henry VII. While the Beaufort offspring had been legitimized after Gaunt's eventual marriage to Swynford, this was on the condition that they be barred from ascending the throne. Undeterred by this, upon the failure of the primary Lancastrian line, the Tudors claimed precedence to the Yorks and eventually succeeded them.

Related Topics:
Beauforts - Katherine Swynford - Margaret Beaufort - Henry VII

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(5) Edmund of Langley (1341-1402), Duke of York.

Related Topics:
Edmund of Langley - 1341 - 1402 - Duke of York

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

His descendants were the Yorks. He had two sons: Edward, Duke of York, killed fighting alongside Henry V at the battle of Agincourt, and Richard, Earl of Cambridge, executed by Henry V for treason (involving a plot to place heir presumptive Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March, Cambridge's brother-in-law and cousin, on the throne). As noted above, Richard had married Anne Mortimer, this giving their son and the House of York, through Lionel of Antwerp, a more senior claim than that of both the Lancasters, who were descended from a younger son than Lionel, and the Tudors, whose legitimized Beaufort ancestors had been debarred from the throne.

Related Topics:
Edward, Duke of York - Henry V - Agincourt - Richard, Earl of Cambridge - Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(6) Thomas (1347).

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(7) William (24 June 1348-5 September 1348).

Related Topics:
24 June - 1348 - 5 September

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

(8) Thomas of Woodstock (1355-1397), Duke of Gloucester.

Related Topics:
Thomas of Woodstock - 1355 - 1397 - Duke of Gloucester

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Thomas, who was one of the Lords Appellant influential under Richard II, was murdered or executed for treason, likely by the order of Richard II; his eventual heir was his daughter Anne, who married into the Stafford family, whose heirs became the Dukes of Buckingham. Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, descended on his father's side from Thomas of Woodstock, and on his mother's side from John Beaufort, rebelled against Richard III in 1483 but failed to depose him. This failed rebellion left Henry Tudor as the Lancasters' primary candidate for the throne.

Related Topics:
Lords Appellant - Richard II - Anne - Dukes of Buckingham - Henry Stafford - John Beaufort - Richard III - 1483

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Thus, the senior Plantagenet line was ended with the death of Richard II, but not before the execution of Thomas of Woodstock for treason. The heirs presumptive through Lionel of Antwerp were passed over in favour of the powerful Henry IV, descendant of Edward III through John of Gaunt. These Lancaster Kings initially survived the treason of their Edmund of Langley (York) cousins but eventually were deposed by the merged Lionel/Edmund line in the person of Edward IV. Internecine killing among the Yorks left Richard III as King, supported and then betrayed by his cousin Buckingham the descendant of Thomas of Woodstock. Finally, the Yorks were dislodged by the remaining Lancastrian candidate, Henry VII of the House of Tudor, another descendant of John of Gaunt, who married the eldest daughter of Yorkist King Edward IV.

Related Topics:
Edward IV - Richard III - Buckingham - Edward IV

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~