Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969), American soldier and politician, was the 34th President of the United States (1953–1961) and Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II, with the rank of General of the Army.

Military career

Eisenhower enrolled at the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, in June, 1911 and graduated in 1915. He served with the infantry until 1918 at various camps in Texas and Georgia. During World War I, Eisenhower was active in the tank corps and rose to Lieutenant Colonel in the National Army. Upon the conclusion of hostilities, Eisenhower reverted to his regular rank of Captain (and was promoted to Major the next day) before assuming duties at Camp Meade, Maryland where he remained until 1922.

Related Topics:
United States Military Academy - West Point, New York - 1911 - 1915 - 1918 - Texas - Georgia - World War I - Tank corps - Lieutenant Colonel - National Army - Camp Meade - Maryland - 1922

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He was next assigned as executive officer to General Fox Conner in the Panama Canal Zone, where he served until 1924. In 1925 and 1926 he attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and then served as a battalion commander, at Fort Benning, Georgia, until 1927.

Related Topics:
Fox Conner - Panama Canal Zone - 1924 - 1925 - 1926 - Command and General Staff College - Fort Leavenworth - Kansas - Battalion commander - Fort Benning - Georgia - 1927

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During the late 1920s and early 1930s Eisenhower's career in the peacetime Army stagnated. He was assigned to the American Battle Monuments Commission, directed by General John J. Pershing, then to the Army War College, and then served as executive officer to General George V. Moseley, Assistant Secretary of War, from 1929 to 1933. He then served as chief military aide to General Douglas MacArthur, Army Chief of Staff, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military advisor to the Philippine government. He was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel in 1936 after sixteen years as a Major.

Related Topics:
1920s - 1930s - American Battle Monuments Commission - John J. Pershing - Army War College - George V. Moseley - 1929 - 1933 - Douglas MacArthur - 1935 - Philippines - Lieutenant Colonel - 1936

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Eisenhower returned to the U.S. in 1939 and held a series of staff positions in Washington, D.C., California, and Texas. In June 1941 he was appointed Chief of Staff to General Walter Kreuger, Commander of the 3rd Army, at Fort Sam Houston, Texas. He was promoted to Brigadier-General in September 1941. Although his administrative abilities had been noticed, on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II he had never held an active command and was far from being considered as a potential commander of major operations.

Related Topics:
1939 - California - 1941 - Walter Kreuger - Fort Sam Houston - World War II

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After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Eisenhower was assigned to the General Staff in Washington, where he served until June 1942. He was appointed Deputy Chief in charge of Pacific Defenses under the Chief of War Plans Division, General Leonard Gerow, and then succeeded Gerow as Chief of the War Plans Division. Then he was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff in charge of Operations Division under the Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall. It was his close association with Marshall which finally brought Eisenhower to senior command positions. Marshall recognized his great organizational and administrative abilities.

Related Topics:
Attack on Pearl Harbor - 1942 - Leonard Gerow - George C. Marshall

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Wartime commander

In June 1942 Eisenhower was appointed Commanding General, European Theater of Operations (ETOUSA) and was based in London. In November he was also appointed Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force of the North African Theater of Operations through the new operational Headquarters A(E)FHQ. The word Expeditionary was dropped soon after his appointment for security reasons. In February 1943 his authority was extended as commander of AFHQ across the Mediterranean Sea basin to include the British 8th Army, commanded by General Bernard Montgomery. The 8th Army had advanced across the Western Desert from the east and was ready for the start of the Tunisia Campaign. Eisenhower gained his fourth star and gave up command of ETOUSA to be commander of NATOUSA. After the capitulation of Axis forces in North Africa, Eisenhower remained in command of the renamed Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) keeping the operational title and continued in command of NATOUSA redesignated MTOUSA. In this position he oversaw the invasion of Sicily and the invasion of the Italian mainland.

Related Topics:
1942 - European Theater of Operations - London - Supreme Commander Allied (Expeditionary) Force - North African Theater of Operations - A(E)FHQ - 1943 - Mediterranean Sea - British 8th Army - Bernard Montgomery - Western Desert - Tunisia Campaign - Axis - North Africa - Mediterranean Theater of Operations - Invasion of Sicily - Invasion of the Italian mainland

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In December 1943 it was announced that Eisenhower would be Supreme Allied Commander in Europe. In January 1944 he resumed command of ETOUSA and the following month was officially designated as the Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), serving in a dual role until the end of hostilities in Europe in May 1945. In these positions he was charged with planning and carrying out the Allied assault on the coast of Normandy in June 1944 under the code name Operation Overlord, the liberation of western Europe and the invasion of Germany. A month after the Normandy D-Day on June 6, 1944, the invasion of southern France took place, control for the forces which took part in the southern invasion passed from the AFHQ to the SHAEF. From then until the end of the War in Europe on May 8 1945, Eisenhower through SHAEF had supreme command of all operational Allied forces2, and through his command of ETOUSA, administrative command of all U.S. forces, on the Western Front north of the Alps.

Related Topics:
Europe - 1944 - Supreme Allied Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force - SHAEF - 1945 - Assault on the coast of Normandy - Operation Overlord - Germany - D-Day - June 6 - Invasion of southern France - End of the War in Europe - May 8 - 2 - Western Front

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As recognition of his senior position in the Allied command, on December 20, 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army equivalent to the rank of Field Marshal in most European armies. In this and the previous high commands he held, Eisenhower showed his great talents for leadership and diplomacy. Although he had never seen action himself, he won the respect of front-line commanders such as Omar Bradley and George Patton. He dealt skillfully with difficult allies such as Winston Churchill, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery and General Charles de Gaulle. He had fundamental disagreements with Churchill and Montgomery over questions of strategy, but these rarely upset his relationships with them. He negotiated with Soviet Marshal Zhukov, and such was the confidence that President Franklin D. Roosevelt had in him, he sometimes worked directly with Stalin.

Related Topics:
December 20 - General of the Army - Field Marshal - Omar Bradley - George Patton - Winston Churchill - Bernard Montgomery - Charles de Gaulle - Soviet - Marshal Zhukov - Franklin D. Roosevelt - Stalin

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Eisenhower was offered the Medal of Honor for his leadership in the European Theater but refused it, saying that it should be reserved for bravery and valour.

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It was never a certainty that Overlord would succeed. The tenuousness surrounding the entire decision including the timing and the location of the Normandy invasion might be summarized by a short speech that Eisenhower himself wrote, in advance, in case he might need it. In it, he took full responsibility for catastrophic failure, should that be the final result. Long after the successful landings on D-Day and the BBC broadcast of Eisenhower's brief speech concerning them, the never-used second speech was found in a shirt pocket by an aide. It read:

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:"Our landings have failed and I have withdrawn the troops. My decision to attack at this time and place was based on the best information available. The troops, the air and the Navy did all that bravery could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone."

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Following the German unconditional surrender on May 8, 1945, Eisenhower was appointed Military Governor of the U.S. Occupation Zone, based in Frankfurt-am-Main. Germany was divided into four Occupation Zones, one each for the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. He made the controversial decision to reclassify German prisoners of war or POWs in U.S. custody as Disarmed Enemy Forces or DEFs. As DEFs, they could be compelled to serve as unpaid conscript labor. An unknown number may have died in custody as a consequence of malnutrition, exposure to the elements, and lack of medical care (see Eisenhower and German POWs).

Related Topics:
German - May 8 - 1945 - U.S. Occupation Zone - Frankfurt-am-Main - POW - Disarmed Enemy Forces - Conscript labor - Eisenhower and German POWs

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Eisenhower was named Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army in November 1945, and in December 1950 was named Supreme Commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and given operational command of NATO forces in Europe. Eisenhower retired from active service on May 31, 1952, upon entering politics. During this period Eisenhower served as president of Columbia University from 1948 until 1953, though he was on leave from the University while he served as NATO commander.

Related Topics:
1945 - 1950 - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - May 31 - 1952 - Columbia University

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Dates of Rank

• Second Lieutenant, United States Army: June 12, 1915
• First Lieutenant. United States Army: July 1, 1916
• Captain, United States Army: May 15, 1917
• Major, National Army: June 17, 1918
• Lieutenant Colonel, National Army: October 14, 1918
• Captain (reverted to permanent rank), Regular Army: June 30, 1920
• Major, Regular Army: July 2, 1920
• Lieutenant Colonel, Regular Army: July 1, 1936
• Colonel, Regular Army: March 11, 1941
• Brigadier General, Regular Army: September 29, 1941
• Major General, Army of the United States: March 27, 1942
• Lieutenant General, Army of the United States: July 7, 1942
• General, Army of the United States: February 11, 1943
• General of the Army, Army of the United States: December 20, 1944
• General of the Army rank made permanent in the Regular Army: April 11, 1946

Awards and decorations

United States

• Army Distinguished Service Medal with four oak leaf clusters
• Navy Distinguished Service Medal
• Legion of Merit
• World War I Victory Medal
• European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one silver and four bronze service stars
• American Campaign Medal
• American Defense Service Medal with "Foreign Service" clasp
• World War II Victory Medal
• Mexican Border Service Medal
• Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
• National Defense Service Medal

International Awards

• British Order of the Bath
• British Order of Merit
• British African Star
• Belgian Order of Leopold
• Belgian Croix de Guerre
• French Legion of Honor
• French Croix de Guerre
• French Liberation Medal
• Luxembourg War Cross
• Luxembourg Medal of Merit
• Czechoslovakian Order of the White Lion
• Czechoslovakian Golden Star of Victory
• Danish Order of the Elephant
• Moroccan Order of Ouissan Alaouite
• Netherlands Grand Cross of the Order of the Lion
• Russian Order of Victory
• Russian Order of Suvorov
• Polish Virtuti Militari
• Polish Cross of Grunwald
• Polish Rastituta Chevalier
• Argentinian Great Cross of the Order of the Liberator
• Brazilian Grand Cross Order of Military Merit
• Brazilian Grand Cross Order of Aeronautical Merit
• Brazilian National Order of the Southern Cross
• Brazil War Medal
• Brazil Campaign Medal
• Chief Commander of the Chilean Order of Merit
• Chinese Grand Cordon of the Order of Yun Hui
• Chinese Grand Cordon of the Order of Yun Fei
• Ecuadorian Star of Abdon Calderon
• Egyptian Grand Cordon of the Order of Ismal
• Ethiopian Order of Solomon
• Greek Order of George I with Swords
• Guatemalan Cross of Military Merit
• Haitian Great Cross of the Order of Honor and Merit
• Grand Cross of the Italian Military Order
• Order of Mexican Military Merit
• Mexican Aztec Eagle
• Medal of Mexican Civic Merit
• Norwegian Order of St. Olaf
• Panamanian Order of Vasci Nunez de Balboa
• Tunisian Grand Cordon of the Nishan Iftikar

In addition, Eisenhower's name was given to a variety of streets, avenues, etc. in cities around the world, including Paris, France.

Related Topics:
Paris - France

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