Drug abuse

Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions, all of them relating to the use, misuse or overuse of a drug for a nontherapeutic effect. Some of the most commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, methaqualone, opium alkaloids, and minor tranquilizers. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to physical, social, and pyschologic harm.{{an|mosby}} Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main categories:

Notes

• {{anb|mosby}} (2002). Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary. Sixth Edition. Drug abuse defintion, p. 552. Nursing diagnoses, p. 2109. ISBN 0323014305.
• {{anb|wholexicon}} World Health Organization Lexicon
• {{anb|schaeffer}}Schaffer Library on Drug Policy - Perspectives on Defining Substance Abuse
• {{anb|jaffe}} Jaffe, J.H. (1975). Drug addiction and drug abuse. In L.S. Goodman & A. Gilman (Eds.) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics(5th ed.). New York: MacMillan. pp. 284–324.
• {{anb|apa1972}} Glasscote, R.M., Sussex, J.N., Jaffe, J.H., Ball, J., Brill, L. (1972). The Treatment of Drug Abuse: Programs, Problems, Prospects. Washington, D.C.: Joint Information Service of the American Psychiatric Association and the National Association for Mental Health.
• {{anb|winger}} Winger, Gail. (1992). A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse: The Biomedical Aspects. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019506397X
• {{anb|6}} Wood, Evan, et al. (Apr 29, 2003). "Drug supply and drug abuse". Letters. Canadian Medical Association Journal 168:(9). See also: CMAJ, 2003;168(2):165-9. See also U.S. Criminal Justice Policy Foundation
• {{anb|diala}} Diala, C. Muntaner, C. Walrath, C. (May 2004). "Gender, occupational, and socioeconomic correlates of alcohol and drug abuse among U.S. rural, metropolitan, and urban residents". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
• {{anb|phillips}} Phillips, Prashant. (Oct, 2004). "Care of Drug Users in General Practice: a harm reduction approach." Book review. Mental Health Practice 8:i2. p. 29.
• {{anb|cmaj2005}} Editorial. (Mar 1, 2005) "HIV, harm reduction and human rights/VIH, reduction des prejudices et droits de la personne." Canadian Medical Association Journal. 172:(5). p.605.
• {{anb|appel}} Appel, P.W., Ellison, A.A., Jansky, H.K., Oldak, R. (Feb 2004). "Barriers to enrollment in drug abuse treatment and suggestions for reducing them: opinions of drug injecting street outreach clients and other system stakeholders". American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
• {{anb|qureshi}} Qureshi N.A., al-Ghamdy Y.S., al-Habeeb T.A. (2000). "Drug addiction: a general review of new concepts and future challenges". East Mediterr Health J. Jul;6(4):723-33. PMID 11794078
• {{anb|bcsse}} Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education (BCSSE). (2004) New Treatments for Addiction: Behavioral, Ethical, Legal, and Social Questions. The National Acadamies Press. pp. 7–8, 140–141
• {{anb|13}} WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Sixteenth report. Geneva, World Health Organization, 1969 (WHO Technical Report Series, No.407.
• {{anb|15}} Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision) (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) ISBN: 0890420254
• {{anb|16}} Wurmser, L. (1974) Psychoanalytic Considerations of the Etiology of Compulsive Drug Use. Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Assocation, 22:820 (APA)
• {{anb|eddy}} Eddy, N.B., Halbach, H., Isbell, H., Seevers, M.H. (1965) Drug dependence: its significance and characteristics. Bulletin of the World Health Org., 23:721–722
• {{anb|zinberg}} Zinberg, Norman E. (1984). Drug, Set and Setting: The Basis for Controlled Intoxicant Use. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-300-03110-6. p. 38
• {{anb|who1965}}United Nations. Office of Drugs and Crime. World Health Organization Expert Committee on Dependence-producing Drugs: Fourteenth Report. Last accessed: August 7, 2005.
• {{anb|ncmda1973}} National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse. (1973) Report: Drug Use In America: Problem in Perspective. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• {{anb|kramer}} Kramer, J.F., Cameron, D.C., (eds.). (1975). A Manual on Drug Dependence. Geneva: WHO. p. 16.
• {{anb|21}} Expert Committee on Addiction-producing Drugs: Seventh Report. Geneva: WHO. pp. 45–47.
• {{anb|un1987}} (1987) The United Nations and Drug Abuse Control. New York: United Nations. p.49.