Donald Alexander Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal

Donald Alexander Smith (August 6, 1820 – January 21, 1914) was a Scottish born Canadian fur trader, financier, railroad baron and politician.

Related Topics:
August 6 - 1820 - January 21 - 1914 - Scottish - Canadian

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Smith was born in Forres, in Morayshire, Scotland, and briefly apprenticed to become a town clerk. He emigrated to Lower Canada in 1838 to work for the Hudson's Bay Company, becoming a clerk for the organization in 1842. He was given administrative control over the seigneury of Mingan (in modern Labrador) in late 1843, where his innovative methods met with the disapproval of HBC governor Sir George Simpson. The Mingan post burned down in 1846, and Smith left for Montreal the following year. He returned in 1848, and remained in Labrador until the 1860s, administering the fur trade and salmon fishing within the region. In 1862, Smith was promoted as the company's Chief Factor in change of the Labrador district. He traveled to London in 1865, and made a favourable impression on the HBC's directors. In 1868, he was promoted to Commissioner of the Montreal department, managing the HBC's eastern operations. That same year, Smith joined with George Stephen, Richard Bladworth Angus, and Andrew Paton to establish the textile manufactory, Paton Manufacturing Company, in Sherbrooke, Quebec.

Related Topics:
Forres - Morayshire - Scotland - Lower Canada - 1838 - Hudson's Bay Company - 1842 - Seigneury - Mingan - Labrador - 1843 - Sir George Simpson - 1846 - Montreal - 1848 - Fur trade - Salmon - 1862 - London - 1865 - 1868 - George Stephen - Richard Bladworth Angus - Andrew Paton - Sherbrooke, Quebec

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In 1869, Smith was sent to the Red River Settlement in present day Manitoba by the Canadian government to negotiate with Louis Riel, leader of the Red River Rebellion. Smith's offers, including land recognition for the Métis, led to Riel calling a Council of 40 representatives for formal negotiations. Smith succeeded in gaining clemency for some prisoners within the region; he was not, however, able to prevent the execution of Thomas Scott by the provisional government.

Related Topics:
1869 - Red River Settlement - Manitoba - Louis Riel - Red River Rebellion - Métis - Thomas Scott

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Smith returned to Ottawa in early 1870, and was appointed President of the HBC's Council of the Northern Department (effectively becoming administrator of the Northwest Territories, including Manitoba). He accompanied Col. Garnet Wolseley's military mission to Red River later in the year; following the end of the rebellion, Wolseley illegally appointed Smith as the Acting Governor of Assiniboia pending Lt. Governor Adams George Archibald's arrival in the province. Smith stayed in the region after 1870, and was responsible for negotiating the transfer of HBC land to the federal government (as well as coordinating the transfer of several specific land claims in the region).

Related Topics:
Ottawa - 1870 - Northwest Territories - Garnet Wolseley - Assiniboia - Adams George Archibald

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Archibald appointed Smith to his Executive Council on October 20, 1870, although this decision was subsequently overturned by the Canadian government which ruled that Archibald had overstepped his legal authority. In Manitoba's first general election, held on December 27, 1870, Smith was elected to the provincial legislature for the riding of Winnipeg and St. John, defeating long-time HBC nemesis John Christian Schultz by 70 votes to 63. Smith was a supporter of Archibald's consensus government, and opposed Schultz's ultra-loyalist Canadian Party; there was a riot among the Ontario soldiers stationed in Winnipeg following the announcement of Smith's victory.

Related Topics:
October 20 - 1870 - Manitoba's first general election - December 27 - Provincial legislature - Winnipeg and St. John - John Christian Schultz - Canadian Party

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Politicians were allowed to serve in both the provincial and federal parliaments in this period of Manitoba history, and Smith was elected to the Canadian House of Commons for the newly-formed riding of Selkirk in early 1871. He sat as an Independent Conservative, and initially supported the government of John A. Macdonald. Easily re-elected in 1872, Smith was a strong defender of HBC interests in the House of Commons, and also spoke for issues concerning Manitoba and the Northwest. He helped create the Bank of Manitoba and the Manitoba Insurance Company during this period, assisted by banker Hugh Allan.

Related Topics:
Canadian House of Commons - Selkirk - 1871 - Independent Conservative - John A. Macdonald - 1872 - Bank of Manitoba - Manitoba Insurance Company - Hugh Allan

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Smith broke with Macdonald in 1873, after the Prime Minister had delayed reimbursement for Smith's earlier expenses in Red River. Smith voted to censure the government in a motion over the Pacific Scandal, and was thereby partly responsible for the government's defeat. Smith remained an Independent Conservative, but his relations with the official Conservative representatives were often strained in later years.

Related Topics:
1873 - Prime Minister - Pacific Scandal - Conservative

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Manitoba abolished the "dual mandate" in 1873, and Smith resigned from the provincial legislature in early 1874 (the first person to do so). In the Canadian general election of 1874, Smith defeated Liberal candidate A.G.B. Bannatyne by 329 votes to 225. The Manitoba Free Press, at the time, suggested that Smith had encouraged Bannatyne's candidacy to prevent more serious opposition from emerging.

Related Topics:
1873 - 1874 - Canadian general election of 1874 - Liberal - A.G.B. Bannatyne - Manitoba Free Press

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In 1873, the HBC separated its fur trade and land sales operations, putting Smith in charge of the latter. Smith had developed an interest in railway expansion through his work with the HBC, and in 1875 was among the incorporators of the Manitoba Western Railway. He was also a partner in the Red River Transportation Company, which gained control over the St. Paul and Pacific Railroad in March 1878. His business ventures increasingly dominated his labours, and he formally resigned as land commissioner in early 1879 (though remaining a leading figure in the HBC's Canadian operations).

Related Topics:
1873 - 1875 - Manitoba Western Railway - Red River Transportation Company - St. Paul and Pacific Railroad - 1878

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Smith faced a serious electoral challenge from former Manitoba Lt. Governor Alexander Morris in the general election of 1878. Aided on this occasion by the Manitoba Free Press, Smith defeated Morris by 555 votes to 546; local Conservative organizers protested the result, and it was overturned two years later. On September 10, 1880, Smith was defeated by former Winnipeg Mayor Thomas Scott, 735 votes to 577.

Related Topics:
Alexander Morris - General election of 1878 - September 10 - 1880 - Winnipeg - Mayor - Thomas Scott

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In May 1879, Smith became a director in the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Company, having control over 20% of its shares. He was subsequently a leading figure in the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway, although he was not appointed as a director of the organization until 1883 because of his lingering animosity with John A. Macdonald (who had again become Prime Minister in 1878). He remained on the board of executives for several years, although he was by-passed for the company's presidency in 1888, in favour of William Cornelius Van Horne.

Related Topics:
1879 - St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway Company - Canadian Pacific Railway - 1883 - Prime Minister - 1888 - William Cornelius Van Horne

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Smith became extremely wealthy through his investments, and was involved in a myriad of Canadian and American corporations in the later part of the 19th century. He was appointed to the board of the Bank of Montreal in 1872, became its Vice-President in 1882, and was promoted to the Presidency in 1887.

Related Topics:
Bank of Montreal - 1872 - 1882 - 1887

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Smith was also involved in the newspaper industry during this period. His attempt to take over the Toronto Globe in 1882 was unsuccessful, though he took effective control of the Manitoba Free Press from William Fisher Luxton in 1893. In 1889, he was the principal shareholder of the Hudson's Bay Company and was elected as its 26th governor, holding this position until his death in 1914.

Related Topics:
Toronto Globe - 1882 - Manitoba Free Press - William Fisher Luxton - 1893 - 1889 - 1914

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Smith was re-elected to the Canadian House of Commons in 1887, in the Quebec riding of Montreal West, and once again sat as an "Independent Conservative". He was re-elected in the election of 1891, defeating his only opponent (one James Cochrane) 4586 votes to 880. Smith remained interested in Manitoba politics, and attempted (without success) to broker a compromise between Thomas Greenway and the federal government during the Manitoba school crisis of the 1890s.

Related Topics:
1887 - Quebec - Montreal West - Election of 1891 - James Cochrane - Thomas Greenway - Manitoba school crisis

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Prime Minister Mackenzie Bowell wanted Smith to succeed him in 1896, but Smith refused. The position of Prime Minister instead went to Charles Tupper, who appointed Smith as High Commissioner to London, England on April 24, 1896.

Related Topics:
Mackenzie Bowell - 1896 - Charles Tupper - April 24

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Wilfrid Laurier retained Smith as High Commissioner following the Liberal election victory of 1896, although his powers were somewhat undercut. Smith, nevertheless, cooperated with Manitoba Liberal Clifford Sifton in opening the Canadian prairies to eastern-European immigration. He raised Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians), a private unit of Canadian soldiers, during the Boer War, and became one of the leading supporters of British imperialism within London. He was involved in the creation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, of which he became the chairman in 1909. Smith subsequently used his influence to make the company a major supplier of the British navy.

Related Topics:
Wilfrid Laurier - Election victory of 1896 - Clifford Sifton - Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) - Boer War - Anglo-Persian Oil Company - 1909

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Smith was a leading philanthropist in his later years, donating large sums of money to various organizations in both Britain and Canada. His largest donations were made with George Stephen, donating the money to build the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal that opened its doors in 1893. Smith also made a major donation to McGill University in Montreal, where he helped establish a school for women in 1884. He was named Chancellor of McGill in 1888, and held the largely ceremonial post until his death.

Related Topics:
Royal Victoria Hospital - McGill University - 1884 - 1888

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Smith died in 1914. His seventy-five year tenure with the Hudson's Bay Company remains a record.

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