Dirigisme

Dirigisme (from the French) is an economic term designating an economy where the government exerts strong directive influence.

France

Before the Second World War, France had a relatively fragmented capitalist economic system, which generally operated under traditional laissez-faire economic policies. The many small companies, often family-owned, were often not dynamic and efficient when compared to the large industrial groups of Germany or the United States.

Related Topics:
Second World War - Capitalist - Laissez-faire - Germany - United States

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The Second World War laid waste to France. Railroads and industries had been destroyed by aerial bombardment and sabotage; industries had been seized by Nazi Germany; the population had been living with rationing for years. Some sections of the French business and political world had compromised themselves by collaborating with the German occupiers. The economy was thus in need of reconstruction on sounder bases.

Related Topics:
Bombardment - Sabotage - Rationing

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Post-war French governments, from whichever political side, generally sought rational, efficient, economic development, with the distant goal of matching the highly developed, technologically advanced economy of the United States. Their main tool was indicative central planning through plans designed by the Commissariat au plan ("Commissionary for the Plan"). Contrary to the governments of the Soviet Bloc, however, the French government never owned more than a minority of the industry, and did not seek to enforce its economic directions in authoritarian ways; instead, it used various incentives. Also, France never ceased to be a majoritarily capitalist country.

Related Topics:
United States - Soviet Bloc

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Because the French industry prior to the Second World War was weak due to fragmentation, the French government encouraged mergers and the formation of "national champions", large industry groups backed by the government.

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Two areas where the French government sought greater control were infrastructures and the transportation system. The French government owned the national railway company SNCF, the national electricity utility EDF, the national natural gas utility GDF, the national airline Air France; phone and postal services were operated as the PTT administration. Interestingly, the government chose to devolve the construction of most autoroutes (freeways) to semi-private companies rather than to administer them itself. Other areas where the French government directly intervened were defense, nuclear and aerospace industries (Aérospatiale).

Related Topics:
Infrastructure - SNCF - EDF - GDF - Air France - Phone - Postal - PTT - Autoroute - Aérospatiale

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This development was marked by volontarisme, or the will to overcome all difficulties (War-related devastation, lack of natural resources...) through willpower and ingenuity. For instance, following the 1973 energy crisis, the saying "In France we don't have oil, but we have ideas." was coined. Voluntarism showed an obsession with the modernization of the country, resulting in a variety of ambitious plans imposed by the state. Examples of this trend include the extensive use of nuclear energy (close to 80% of French electrical consumption), the Minitel, an early online system for the masses, and the TGV, a high-speed rail network.

Related Topics:
1973 energy crisis - Modernization - Nuclear energy - Minitel - TGV - High-speed rail

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The development of French dirigisme coincided with the development of meritocratic technocracy: the École Nationale d'Administration supplied the state with high-level administrators, while the leadership positions in industry were staffed with Corps of Mines state engineers and other personnel trained at the École Polytechnique.

Related Topics:
Meritocratic - Technocracy - École Nationale d'Administration - Corps of Mines - École Polytechnique

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During the 1945-1975 period, France experienced unprecedented economic growth (4.5% on average) and a demographic boom, leading to the coinage of the term Trente Glorieuses ("Thirty Glorious ").

Related Topics:
1945 - 1975 - Economic growth - Demographic

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Dirigisme flourished under the center-right governments of Charles de Gaulle and Georges Pompidou. In those times, the policy was viewed as a middle way between the American displayed policy of little state involvement and the Soviet policy of total state control, just like France was trying to be a middle way between the two major blocs. In 1981, Socialist president François Mitterrand was elected, promising even more state intervention in the economy; his government soon nationalized industries and banks. However, in 1983, the initial bad economic results forced the government to renounce dirigisme and start the era of rigueur ("rigour"). Subsequent governments have never considered economic dirigisme again, though some of its traits remain.

Related Topics:
Center-right - Charles de Gaulle - Georges Pompidou - A middle way - Blocs - 1981 - Socialist - François Mitterrand - Nationalized - 1983

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