Detective

:To see the article about the Nintendo game, see Gumshoe (video game).

Techniques of detectives

Street work

Detectives have a wide variety of techniques available in conducting investigations. However, the majority of cases are solved by interrogation of suspects and witnesses, which takes time. In a policeman's career as a uniformed officer and as a detective, a detective develops an intuitive sense of the plausibility of suspect and witness accounts. This intuition may fail at times, but usually is reliable.

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Besides interrogations, detectives may rely on a network of informants they have cultivated over the years. Informants often have connections with persons a detective would not be able to approach formally.

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In criminal investigations, once a detective has a suspect or suspects in mind, the next step is to produce evidence that will stand up in a court of law. The best way is to obtain a confession from the suspect, usually in exchange for a plea bargain for a lesser sentence. A detective may lie or otherwise mislead and may psychologically pressure a suspect into confessing, though in the United States suspects may invoke their Miranda rights.

Related Topics:
Plea bargain - Miranda rights

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Forensic evidence

Physical forensic evidence in an investigation may provide leads to closing a case.

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Examples of physical evidence can be, but are not limited to:

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• Fingerprinting of objects persons have touched
• DNA analysis
• Luminol to detect blood stains that have been washed
• Blood spatter analysis
• Footprints or tire tracks
• Chemical testing for the presence of narcotics or expended gun propellant
• The exact position of objects at the scene of an investigation

Many major police departments in a city, county, or state, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, maintain their own forensic laboratories.

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Records investigation

Detectives may use public and private records to provide background information on a subject. These include:

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• Fingerprint records. In the United States, the FBI maintains records of people who have committed felonies and some misdemeanors, all persons who have applied for a Federal security clearance, and all persons who have served in the U.S. armed forces
• Records of criminal arrests and convictions
• Photographs or mug shots, of persons arrested
• Motor vehicle records
• Credit card records and bank statements
• Hotel registration cards
• Credit reports
• Answer machine messages

Court testimony

Unless a plea bargain forestalls the need for a trial, detectives must testify in court about their investigation. They must seem reliable and credible to a jury, and must not give the impression of personal vindictiveness or cruelty. A detective's background often comes into question in courtroom testimony. A famous example came in the murder trial of O. J. Simpson, when Detective Mark Fuhrman of the Los Angeles Police Department testified for the prosecution. Attorney F. Lee Bailey first asked Fuhrman if he had ever used the "n-word" (see Nigger). Fuhrman denied this. In court, Bailey produced taped interviews with Fuhrman using this offensive word.

Related Topics:
O. J. Simpson - Mark Fuhrman - Los Angeles Police Department - F. Lee Bailey - Nigger

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