Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by deep mining, coal mining (open-pit mining or strip mining). It is a readily combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock. It is composed primarily of carbon and hydrocarbons, along with assorted other elements, including sulfur. Often associated with the Industrial Revolution, coal remains an enormously important fuel and is the most common source of electricity world-wide. In the United States, for example, the burning of coal generates over half the electricity consumed by the nation.

References

• {{Journal reference | Author=Robert H. Williams and Eric D. Larson | Title=A comparison of direct and indirect liquefaction technologies for making fluid fuels from coal | Journal=Energy for Sustainable Development | Year=December 2003 | Volume=VII | Pages=103-129}}, also http://www.ieiglobal.org/ESDVol7No4/dclversussicl.pdf
• {{note|www.eia.doe.gov.751}} {{Web reference_simple | title=International Energy Outlook | URL=http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/coal.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|TSRCoalLiquefaction}} {{Citepaper_publisher | Author=Cleaner Coal Technology Programme | Title=Technology Status Report 010: Coal Liquefaction | Publisher=Department of Trade and Industry (UK) | PublishYear=October 1999 | URL=http://www.dti.gov.uk/energy/coal/cfft/cct/pub/tsr010.pdf}}
• {{note|www.rexresearch.com.752}} {{Web reference_simple | title=http://www.rexresearch.com/karrick/karric~1.htm | URL=http://www.rexresearch.com/karrick/karric~1.htm | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.findarticles.com.753}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Diesel Fuel News: Ultra-clean fuels from coal liquefaction: China about to launch big projects - Brief Article | URL=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYH/is_15_6/ai_89924477 | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.coalpeople.com.754}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Welcome to Coal People Magazine | URL=http://www.coalpeople.com/old_coalpeople/march03/tiny_tomorrow.htm | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.ornl.gov.755}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Coal Combustion | URL=http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|greenwood.cr.usgs.gov.756}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Radioactive Elements in Coal and Fly Ash, USGS Factsheet 163-97 | URL=http://greenwood.cr.usgs.gov/energy/factshts/163-97/FS-163-97.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.coalfire.caf.dlr.de.757}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Sino German Coal fire project | URL=http://www.coalfire.caf.dlr.de/projectareas/world_wide_distribution_en.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|resourcescommittee.house.gov.758}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Committee on Resources-Index | URL=http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/archives/108/testimony/johnmasterson.htm | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.fire.blm.gov.58}} {{Web reference_simple | title=http://www.fire.blm.gov/textdocuments/6-27-03.pdf | URL=http://www.fire.blm.gov/textdocuments/6-27-03.pdf | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|ehp.niehs.nih.gov.759}} {{Web reference_simple | title=EHP 110-5, 2002: Forum | URL=http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2002/110-5/forum.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.itc.nl.59}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Overview about ITC's activities in China | URL=http://www.itc.nl/personal/coalfire/activities/overview.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.state.nd.us.760}} {{Web reference_simple | title=North Dakota's Clinker | URL=http://www.state.nd.us/ndgs/ndnotes/ndn13_h.htm | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.blm.gov.761}} {{Web reference_simple | title=BLM-Environmental Education- The High Plains | URL=http://www.blm.gov/education/high_plains/article.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.wsgs.uwyo.edu.762}} {{Web reference_simple | title=http://www.wsgs.uwyo.edu/Coal/CR01-1.pdf | URL=http://www.wsgs.uwyo.edu/Coal/CR01-1.pdf | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au.763}} {{Web reference_simple | title=Burning Mountain Nature Reserve | URL=http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/parks.nsf/ParkContent/N0503?Opendocument&ParkKey=N0503&Type=xo | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.fromthewilderness.com.764}} {{Web reference_simple | title=The Peak in U.S. Coal Production | URL=http://www.fromthewilderness.com/free/ww3/052504_coal_peak.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.eia.doe.gov.765}} {{Web reference_simple | title=International Energy Annual 2003: Reserves | URL=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}
• {{note|www.iea.org.766}} {{Web reference_simple | title=IEA Publications Bookshop | URL=http://www.iea.org/dbtw-wpd/bookshop/add.aspx?id=144 | date= September 9 | year= 2005 }}

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