César Cui

C?sar Antonovitch Cui (Russian: ?????? ????????? ???) (January 6/18, 1835 – March 13, 1918) was a Russian composer and music critic of French and Lithuanian descent. He was a member of The Five, the group of Russian composers under the leadership of Mily Balakirev dedicated to the production of a specifically Russian brand of music.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Cui was born in Vilnius, now in Lithuania. He received piano lessons and instruction in music theory as a child, but after leaving school he entered Saint Petersburg's School of Military Engineering, and began a military career. He became an expert on fortifications. It was in 1857, when Cui met Mily Balakirev, that he became more seriously involved with music, becoming a member of what would eventually be constituted and known as The Five.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Even though he was composing music and writing music criticism in his spare time, Cui turned out to be an extremely prolific composer and writer. In addition to many piano and chamber pieces, numerous choruses, several orchestral works, and hundreds of songs, he seems to have put his greatest hope in his operas, of which he composed fifteen. In 1869 the first public performance of an opera by Cui took place; this was his William Ratcliff (based on the tragedy by Heinrich Heine); but it did not have success after eight performances, partially because of the harshness of his own writings in the music press. All but one of his operas were composed to Russian texts; the one exception, Le Flibustier (on a play by Jean Richepin), premiered at the Opera-Comique in Paris in 1894, but was not a success after four performances, partly because of an illness contracted by the lead tenor, the upcoming production there of Verdi's Falstaff, and the vogue for Richard Wagner. Cui's more successful stage works during his lifetime were the one-act comic opera The Mandarin's Son (publically premiered in 1878), the three-act Prisoner of the Caucasus (1883), based on Pushkin, and the one-act Mademoiselle Fifi (1903), based on Maupassant. Besides Flibustier, the only other operas by Cui performed in his lifetime outside of the Russian empire were Prisoner of the Caucasus (in Liege, 1886) and the children's opera Puss-in-Boots (in Rome, 1915).

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

As a writer on music, Cui contributed almost 800 articles between 1864 and 1918 (mostly during 1864-1900) to various newspapers and other publications in Russia and Europe. His wide coverage included concerts, recitals, musical life, new publications of music, and personalities. A significant number of his articles (ca. 300) dealt with opera. Several of his themed sets of articles were reissued as monographs: ?????? ?????????? (The Nibelung Ring, 1889, from his review articles about the premiere production, ??????????? ??????????? ????????? , 1876); La musique en Russie (1880, from the periodical Revue et Gazette Musicale de Paris); ??????? ?????? (The Russian Romance, 1896). An additional set of articles was devoted to an important lecture series by Anton Rubinstein: ?????? ?.?.???????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? (Sessions by A.G. Rubinstein. A Course in the History of the Literature of Piano Music, serialized in Nedelia, 1889; French edition published in L'Art, revue bimensuelle illustree that same year under the title Cours de litterature musicale des oeuvres pour le piano au Conservatoire de Saint Petersbourg). Perhaps not incidentally, as part of his profession, Cui also published many books and articles about military fortifications.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Because of rules related to his status in the Russian military, in the early years his musico-critical articles had to be published under a pseudonym, which consisted of three asterisks (***); in Petersburg musical circles, however, it became clear who was writing the articles. In 1860s, his musical reviews in the St.Petersburg Vedomosti newspaper earned him the nickname "musical nihilist" due to his disdain for music before Beethoven (such as Mozart) and his advocacy of originality in music. Sarcasm was a regular feature of his feuilletons.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Late in life Cui's presumably progressive views espoused in the 1860s and '70s turned reactionary against the new "modernists" such as Richard Strauss. Cui's very last published articles (from 1917) constituted merciless parodies, including the little song "???? ?????????" ("Hymn to Futurism") and "??????? ??????????, ???, ?? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????? ??????-????????????" ("Concise Directions on How to Become a Modern Composer of Genius without Being a Musician").

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

As to the current status of Cui the composer, in the last few decades one of his children's operas (of which he composed four) entitled Puss-in-Boots (from Perrault) has had wide appeal in Germany. Nevertheless, despite the fact that more and more of Cui's music is being made available in recent years in recordings (including his short opera Feast in Time of Plague, from Pushkin), his status today in the repertoire is considerably small, based (in the West) primarily on some of his piano and chamber music (such as the violin and piano piece called Orientale (op. 50, No. 9)) and a number of solo songs. The received wisdom that he is not a particularly talented composer, at least for large genres, has been cited as a cause for this state of affairs; his strongest talent is said to lie in the crystalization of mood at an instant as captured in his art songs and instrumental miniatures. Although his abilities as an orchestrator, too, have been noted as inferior to those of his compatriots, some recent recordings (e.g., of his one-act opera Feast in Time of Plague) suggest that Cui's dramatic music might be more interesting to pursue with regard to this feature.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Cui's works are not so nationalistic as those of the other members of The Five; with the exception of Pushkin, his operas do not display a strong attraction to Russian sources. Russian musical style can be in passages from his first act of the collaborative Mlada (1872), The Captain's Daughter, a couple of the children's operas, and a few songs. The vast majority of his vocal music is based on Russian texts. His style is more often compared to Robert Schumann and to French composers than to Mikhail Glinka or to Cui's Russian contemporaries. However, his work as a critic did help to promote the works of the other, now better remembered, members.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Cui died on March 13, 1918 and was buried next to his wife Mal'vina, who had died in 1899, at the Lutheran Semetary in Smolensk. In 1939 his body was reinterred in Tikhvin Cemetery at the Alexander Nevsky Monastery, St. Petersburg, Russia to lie beside the other members of The Five.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

The first extensive study of the composer was written by a close acquaintance of his in the 1880's, La Comtesse de Mercy-Argenteau: C?sar Cui: esquisse critique (Paris: Fischbacher, 1888). The only full-length biography of Cui is A.F. Nazarov's Tsezar' Antonovich Kiui (Moskva: Muzyka, 1989).

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Russian: Russian can mean:...

1835: 1835 was a common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar)....

March 13: March 13 is the 72nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (73rd in leap years). There are 293 days remaining....

César Cui related Images and Photos (experimental)

Cesar	Cesar Romero	Cesar Romero	Antoine-Cesar Bequerel French Physicist
Cesar de Vesme Testifies to Witnessing Materialisations	Monument to Cesar Franck square St. Clotilde 1891	Actor Cesar Romero in Scene from the Movie "Love That Brute"	Happy Landing Cesar Romero Sonja Henie Don Ameche Ethel Merman 1938
Cesar Fiaschi Equestrian and Author of Books on Horse-Riding	Cesar Franck at the Console of the Organ at St. Clotilde Basilica Paris 1885	Park Fountain Plaza De Cesar Chavez Downtown San Jose San Jose Santa Clara County California	Labor Activist Cesar Chavez Talking in Field with Grape Pickers of United Farm Workers Union