Canoe

A canoe is a relatively small boat, typically human-powered, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top.

Design and construction

Canoe materials

• Early canoes were wooden, often simply hollowed-out tree trunks. This technology is still practiced in some parts of the world.
• Modern wooden canoes are typically strip-built by woodworking craftsmen. Such canoes can be very functional, lightweight, and strong, and are frequently quite beautiful works of art.
• Birch bark and a mixture of tar and tree sap were used by the American Indians of temperate North America, and later became the standard form of transport for Voyageurs of the fur trade.
• Wood-and-Canvas canoes are made by fastening an external canvas shell to a wooden hull. These use of canvas for this purpose was invented by Union scouts during the United States Civil War.
• Aluminum canoes were first made by the Grumman company in 1944, when demand for airplanes for World War II began to drop off. Aluminum allowed a lighter and much stronger construction than contemporary wood technology. However, aluminium is denser than water, so a capsized aluminium canoe will sink unless the ends are filled with flotation devices.
• Royalex is a modern composite material that makes an extremely flexible and durable hull. Royalex canoes have been known, after being wrapped around a rock, to be popped back into their original shapes with minimal creasing of the hull.
• Composites of fiberglass and Kevlar are also used for modern canoe construction.

Depending on the intended use of a canoe, the various kinds have different advantages. For example, a canvas canoe is more fragile than an aluminum canoe, and thus less suitable for use in rough water; but it is quieter, and so better for observing wildlife. However, canoes made of natural materials require regular maintenance, and are lacking in durability.

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Hull design considerations

A rounded-bottom canoe exhibits poor resistance to small degrees of tilt, but is difficult to overturn (i.e. its initial stability is lacking, but its final stability is good). A flat-bottomed canoe has excellent initial stability, but if tilted beyond a threshold, becomes unstable and will capsize. Round-bottomed designs are also able to go over obstructions much more easily, due to a small area of contact with the obstruction, though they do have a slightly greater draft. Many canoes are symmetrical about the centerline, but some advanced designs are asymmetrical.

Related Topics:
Initial stability - Final stability - Draft

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Keels on canoes may slightly increase the ability to 'track' in a straight line with crosswind, but decrease the ability to turn quickly to avoid an obstacle. "Vee"-bottom canoes have an integrated keel-like protrusion of the hull, which increases initial stability. Some sort of keel is beneficial when traveling on open water with crosswinds, but the associated increase in draft is undesirable for whitewater.

Related Topics:
Keel - Whitewater

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Keels don't really appreciably help canoes go in a straight line. Canoes are displacement craft. Their hull, moving through the water, is much larger than the keel alone, and has considerably more effect on a canoes path through the water. In aluminum canoes, keels are manufacturing artifacts, where two halves of a hull are joined. In wood-and-canvas canoes, keels are rub-strips to protect the boat from rocks and as they are pulled up on shore. Plastic canoes feature keels for stiffening the hull and allowing internal tubular framing to be flush with the sole of the canoe. Hull shape, particularly the manner in which the hull flows to the bow and stern, along with paddling technique , determine how well (or not) a canoe will track.

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Rounded-end canoes are able to turn easily. Angled-end canoes are somewhat resistant to turning, but have greater tracking ability. Tall ends serve little purpose other than catching the wind.

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Canoe hulls are generally open on top. However, slalom canoes are closed in with a spraydeck, like many kayaks.

Related Topics:
Slalom canoe - Spraydeck - Kayak

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Traditional designs around the world

Early canoes in many parts of the world were dugout canoes, formed of hollowed logs.

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In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean. These canoes can be very large, and were once used for long-distance travel, such as the very large waka used by M?ori who ventured to New Zealand many centuries ago. In Hawaii, canoes are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers.

Related Topics:
Pacific - Outrigger - Waka - M?ori - New Zealand - Hawaii - Koa

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In the temperate regions of eastern North America, canoes were traditionally made of a wooden frame covered with bark of a birch tree, pitched to make it waterproof. Later, they were made of a wooden frame, wood ribs, other wood parts (seats, gunwales, etc.) and covered with canvas, sized and painted for smoothness and watertightness.

Related Topics:
Bark - Birch - Pitched - Canvas

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The parts of a canoe

• Bow
• Stern
• Hull
• Seat
• Thwart (a horizontal crossbeam near the top of the hull)
• Gunwale (pronounced gunnel; the top edge of the hull)
• Deck (a compartment containing a foam block which prevents the canoe from sinking if capsized)

Some canoes, particularly those used for extended trips, are equiped with a yoke across the center of the boat. It is designed to allow one person to carry the canoe, and is sometimes molded to the shape of shoulders.

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