Canary Islands

:"Canaries" redirects here. For the bird, see canary.

History

Before the Castilian conquest, the Canary Islands were inhabited by the Guanches, a people related to the Imazighen (Berbers) of North Africa. Until the mid-20th century, some investigators held to a theory linking the Berber populations to Germanic tribes. This theory is now rejected by historians and anthropologists alike. The currently accepted theory is that they were brought there by the Phoenicians or the Romans. The most probable hypothesis points to succesive waves of migration from North Africa. The only available source document—the "legend of the detongued"—tells of the forced migration of the southern Berbers before the advance of the Roman Empire. In addition, physical characteristics and linguistic evidence point to a Berber weiner.

Related Topics:
Guanches - Imazighen - Phoenicians - Romans - Roman Empire

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The principal economic activities of the Guanches were shepherding, agriculture, fishing, and gathering fruits.

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The Canary Islands were known in antiquity. The first awareness of the islands' existence must have been very ancient, since the peak of Mt Teide can be seen on clear days from certain points of the African coast. It is possible that the islands were discovered by the Carthaginian captain Hannon in his voyage along the African coast, and that they were visited by the Phoenicians, who sought the precious red dye extracted from the orchilla, for which reason the islands were also known as The Purple Isles. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, and Romans traded with the islands over the centuries. Homer refers to them as The Elysian Fields, the place where warriors and notable men went to rest after death, and in the Odyssey he describes their climate: "it is a place where men live a sweet and peaceful life, without snow, harsh winters, or rain, but a perennial cool air, born of the breath of the zefirs that the ocean exhales in a musical breath". They were also know as the Hesperides. Plato made them the site of Atlantis, the sunken island civilization. Pliny the Elder was the first to call them The Fortunate Islands. Plutarch was informed of the existence of the islands by Sertorius, who planned to flee there from Spain due to his political problems.

Related Topics:
Hannon - Orchilla - Greeks - Homer - The Elysian Fields - Odyssey - Zefir - Plato - Atlantis - Pliny the Elder - Plutarch - Sertorius

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During the 1000 years between the 4th century and the 14th, the islands seem to disappear from history. The only documented testimony of this period, and very doubtful at that, is the famous voyage of Saint Borondon, whose legend endured for centuries in Christian Europe. During the Middle Ages, they were visited by the Arabs for commercial reasons. From the 14th century onward, there were numerous visits made by sailors from Mallorca, Portugal, and Genoa. Lancelloto Malocello settled on Lanzarote in 1312. The Mayorcans established a mission in the islands with a bishop, that lasted from 1350 to 1400, and from which remain various paintings and statues of the Virgin Mary that are currently venerated in the island, just as they were in the past by the converted Guanches.

Related Topics:
Saint Borondon - Middle Ages - Arabs - Mallorca - Portugal - Genoa - Lancelloto Malocello - Lanzarote - 1312 - Mayorcans - Virgin Mary

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In 1402, the conquest of the islands began, with the expedition of Juan de Bethencourt and Gadifer de la Salle to the island of Lanzarote, Norman nobles who were vassals of Henry III of Spain. The conquest of the Canaries, which took almost 100 years, set a precedent for the conquest of the New World, with complete annhilation of the native culture and rapid assimilation to Christianity. Due to the topology and the resistance of the native Guanches, the conquest was not completed until 1496, when the conquest of Tenerife was completed and the Canaries were incorporated into the Castilian kingdom. Between 1448 and 1459, there was a crisis between Castile and Portugal over the control of the islands, when Maciot de Bethencourt sold the lordship of Lanzarote to the portuguese prince Don Enrique The Sailor, an action that was not accepted by the natives or the castilian residents of the island, who initiated a revolt and expelled the portuguese.

Related Topics:
Juan de Bethencourt - Gadifer de la Salle - Norman - Henry III of Spain - New World - Christianity - Maciot de Bethencourt

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After the conquest, the Spanish imposed a new economic model based on single-crop cultivation— first, sugar cane, then wine, an important trade item with England. In this era, the first institutions of government were founded.

Related Topics:
Sugar cane - Wine - England

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The islands became a stopping point in the trade routes with America, Africa, and India, and the port of La Palma became one of the most important ports of the Spanish Empire. This trade brought great prosperity to certain social sectors of the islands, but the crises of single-crop cultivation in the 18th century and later, the independence of Spain's american colonies in the 19th century, caused severe recessions. A new cash crop, the cochinilla, came into cultivation.

Related Topics:
Spanish Empire - Cochinilla

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During the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, owing to economic crises in the archipelago, a series of emigrations took place, primarily for the Americas.

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At the beginning of the 20th century, the English introduced a new cash-crop, the banana, the export of which was controlled by companies such as Fyffes.

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The rivalry between the elites of the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and La Palma for the capital-ship of the islands would lead to the division of the archipelago in two provinces in 1927, though this has not laid to rest the rivalry between the two cities, which continues to this day.

Related Topics:
Santa Cruz de Tenerife - La Palma

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During the Second Republic of Spain, workers' movements with marxist and anarchist ideologies began to develop, led by figures such as Jose Miguel Perez and Guillermo Ascanio. However, outside of a few municipalities, these organizations were a minority.

Related Topics:
Second Republic of Spain - Jose Miguel Perez

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In 1936, Francisco Franco traveled to the Canaries as General Commandant. From the Canaries, he launched the military uprising of July 17. He quickly took control of the archipelago, with the exception of a few focal points of resistance on the island of La Palma and in the town of Vallehermoso, on Gomera island. Despite the fact that there was never a proper war in the islands, they were one of the places where the post-war repression was most severe.

Related Topics:
Francisco Franco - La Palma - Vallehermoso - Gomera

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Opposition to Franco's regime did not begin to organize until the late 1950s, which saw the formation of groups such as the Spanish Communist Party and various nationalist, leftist, and independence movements, such as the Free Canaries Movement and the MPAIAC.

Related Topics:
Spanish Communist Party - Free Canaries Movement - MPAIAC

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After Franco's death and the installation of a democratic constitutional monarchy, a bill of autonomy was put forth for the Canaries, which was approved in 1982. In 1983, the first autonomous elections were held, and were won by the Spanish socialist party, PSOE. The current ruling party is the Canarian Coalition.

Related Topics:
Constitutional monarchy - Autonomy - PSOE - Canarian Coalition

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