Boson

:This article is about the elementary particle. For the real-time strategy game, see Boson (game), or for the 1960s experimental musician, see Au, Boson.

Related Topics:
Boson (game) - Au, Boson

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Bosons, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, are particles which form totally-symmetric composite quantum states. As a result, they obey Bose-Einstein statistics. The spin-statistics theorem states that bosons have integer spin. Bosons are also the only particles which can occupy the same state as another.

Related Topics:
Satyendra Nath Bose - Totally-symmetric composite quantum states - Bose-Einstein statistics - Spin-statistics theorem - Spin

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All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions.

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Gauge bosons are elementary particles which act as the carriers of the fundamental forces such as the W vector bosons of the weak force, the gluons of the strong force, the photons of the electromagnetic force, and the graviton of the gravitational force.

Related Topics:
Gauge boson - Elementary - Fundamental forces - Weak force - Gluon - Strong force - Electromagnetic force - Graviton - Gravitational force

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Particles composed of a number of other particles (such as protons or nuclei) can be either fermions or bosons, depending on their total spin. Hence, many nuclei are in fact bosons.

Related Topics:
Proton - Nuclei

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While fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle: "no more than one fermion can occupy a single quantum state", there is no exclusion property for bosons, which are free to (and indeed, other things being equal, tend to) crowd into the same quantum state.

Related Topics:
Pauli exclusion principle - Quantum state

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This explains the spectrum of black-body radiation and the operation of lasers, the properties of superfluid helium-4 and the possibility of bosons to form Bose-Einstein condensates, a particular state of matter.

Related Topics:
Black-body - Laser - Superfluid - Helium-4 - Bose-Einstein condensate - State of matter

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It is important to note that Bose-Einstein condensation occurs only at ultralow temperature. There is nothing exotic about bosons otherwise. At any reasonable temperatures, both the boson and fermion particles behave as classical particles, i.e. particle in a box, and follow the Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics.

Related Topics:
Bose-Einstein condensation - Classical particles - Particle in a box - Maxwell-Boltzmann Statistics

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Examples of bosons:

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• Helium-4 atoms
• Sodium-23 atoms
• Any nuclei with integer spins
• photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force
• W and Z bosons, which mediate the weak nuclear force
• gluons
• Higgs bosons
• phonons
 
Boson: See also ►