Big Crunch

In cosmology, the Big Crunch is a hypothesized collapse of the universe upon itself after its eventual stoppage of expansion —a counterpart to the Big Bang.

Related Topics:
Cosmology - Hypothesiz - Universe - Big Bang

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

If the gravitational attraction of all the matter within the observable horizon is high enough, it could slow the expansion of the universe, and then reverse it. The universe would then contract, with about the same duration as the expansion. Eventually, all matter and energy would be compressed back into a gravitational singularity. It is meaningless to ask what would happen after this, because time would end in this singularity.

Related Topics:
Gravitational - Matter

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

For this to occur, the average density of matter in the universe has to be sufficient so that the overall spatial curvature of the universe is positive, like the surface of a sphere. If the matter density is less than a certain value, called the critical density, the curvature is negative (like a hyperbolic surface, which is a mathematical manifold often compared to the form of a saddle) and gravitation will be too feeble to completely counter inertia, so that expansion will continue to slow down but never come to an end. These two cases, and the limiting case in between in which space is flat, are called the three Friedmann models. They assume the cosmological constant to be zero.

Related Topics:
Sphere - Manifold - Friedmann models - Cosmological constant

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

However, recent experimental evidence (namely the observation of distant supernovae as standard candles, and the well-resolved mapping of the cosmic microwave background) have—to most scientists' considerable surprise—shown that the expansion of the universe is not being slowed down by gravity, but instead, accelerating, suggesting that the universe will not end with a Big Crunch, but will instead expand forever. (The evidence of an accelerating universe is considered conclusive by most cosmologists since 2002.)

Related Topics:
Supernova - Standard candle - Cosmic microwave background - ''accelerating'' - 2002

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

In the framework of the field equations of the General Theory of Relativity, the simplest model of an accelerating expansion corresponds to a positive value of the cosmological constant, which can be attributed to the quantum vacuum itself exerting a force that repels gravitationally on large scales. More generally, the accelerating expansion is attributed to dark energy, which could be the cosmological constant, or a dynamical field with negative "pressure", leading to an effective cosmological constant that could be time-varying. In such cases, it is theoretically possible that the cosmological constant need not remain positive, leaving open the possibility of a Big Crunch in a cosmic doomsday scenario. A Big Crunch is also still theoretically possible if Einstein's theory of general relativity was found not to apply on large scales. The current evidence neither favors nor rules out dark energy, or modifications of general relativity, of a form that could halt or reverse an eternal expansion; it does, however set lower bounds on the duration collapse (approximately 42 billion years from now, or more than 24 billion years at the 95% confidence level, according to one group led by Andrei Linde).

Related Topics:
General Theory of Relativity - Cosmological constant - Dark energy - Cosmic doomsday - Andrei Linde

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~